tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24388589819553425642024-02-20T06:00:24.985-08:00Essay searchSample Essays For Middle School StudentsArmando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.comBlogger164125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-40642469325595655602020-08-26T09:28:00.001-07:002020-08-26T09:28:03.542-07:00Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsInnovation - Research Paper Example There are different advantages that have been offered by various innovative headways, yet these progressions have been severally reprimanded by the rivals of the discussion of innovation being gainful or unsafe to the general public and its individuals. The rivals just as the defenders of the discussion utilize different investigates so as to help their cases. The advantages of innovative progressions have been all around reported and yet the negative impacts of mechanical headways have even been very much explored and these negative impacts have been as serious just like the reason for death among the individuals from the general public. As new innovative progressions enter the general public the worry of how adversely these headways are affecting people includes expanded inside partners and strategy creators. Mechanical headways may have a few advantages to offer yet it is severally harming the instructive, social, physical and mental existence of individuals. The utilization of mechanical gadgets has expanded consistently and these progressions are being utilized by individuals of any age including youngsters, youthful grown-ups, more established grown-ups just as seniors. Steinberg in his article has refered to different examinations that have been led so as to give knowledge with respect to the advantages of computer game innovation and in these investigates the populaces that were overview and watched included kids maturing 4 to 6 years of age, youngsters who were in the center long stretches of the school life, people who were filling in as grown-ups and different others (Steinberg 1). Likewise, Winteman centers around the utilization of innovation of web among the number of inhabitants in young people while talking about the effect of innovation on citizenry (Winteman 1). Mechanical progressions have severally harmed the mental prosperity of its clients. The advocates of innovation contend that mechanical advancements have affected the mental improvement of the individuals from the Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-22456353503258475462020-08-22T22:52:00.001-07:002020-08-22T22:52:14.707-07:00Linear programing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsDirect programing - Assignment Example The General Manager has likewise chosen to deliver 600 units for the present creation time frame. At long last, a continuous agreement with the business wholesalers requires that in any event 150 units must be circulated through this conveyance channel. The issue is to set up the circulation procedure for the radios that will boost generally speaking benefit of the new radio creation. In the event that an adjustment in the marine merchants channel occurred and the benefit per unit tumbled to $80, the ideal arrangement changes and the complete greatest benefit is decreased. This can be ascribed to the way that $80 is a target capacity and in this manner affects the whole estimation of benefit acquired. Creating two units for the mail request circulation channel results into an expansion in the publicizing, the business exertion additionally expands, the creation unitsââ¬â¢ diminishes and the business retail limitation increments. The non positive qualities will be killed and thus the situation portrayed previously. In the event that the showcasing executive changes the Business distributorââ¬â¢s limitation and builds it from 150 units to 300 units, this will expand the expense of promotion and thus the expense of creation yet no significant increments will result on the last deals. The subsequent benefits don't increment and in certain situations misfortunes might be acquired. g) There is a chance about another dispersion channel. In the event that it has a similar individual deals exertion and publicizing cost of the Mail request, however a benefit for every unit of $110, okay suggest it? Would the ideal arrangement change? Why? It would not be suggested that another appropriation channel which has a similar individual deals exertion and promoting cost of the Mail request. The ideal arrangement would not change of the quantity of unitsââ¬â¢ individual deals per unit sold stays zero. The nonappearance of any incentive on the individual deals per unit sold has an impact in the ideal arrangement Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-42831417703196260852020-08-22T07:43:00.001-07:002020-08-22T07:43:17.443-07:00Case write-up Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsReview - Case Study Example For this situation, what the music business expected to do was to search for approaches to adapt the mass market for the music, particularly the more youthful age that would in general believe that music ought to be free. One of the issues that were available in the music business in 2006 was the way that there was no deliberate exertion to manage the issues. Rather than the significant players meeting up to build up an answer, they were occupied with battling one another. In situations where the players endeavored to meet up, this was just done as mergers and this didn't help in taking care of the issues. The greatest shortcoming that the music business had in 2006, and still stays an issue, was the powerlessness for the business to understand that web innovation was to remain and that it would move the state of affairs done in the this business for eternity. Rather than receiving the new ways, the players in the business were excessively bustling attempting to fend off the utilization of innovation. This didn't work very well for the business. Wells and Raabe (1) demonstrate that the business needed prescience here and thusly confronted a trouble in making the new innovation (web) an open door rather than a danger. Unexpectedly, the very wellspring of shortcomings was likewise the very wellspring of favorable position. A similar web innovation that was taking steps to decay the CD deals was a similar innovation that was expanding computerized deals (Wells and Raabe 6). The web furnished the music business with another approach to convey the music to the purchasers. The web could be utilized from multiple points of view, including advancing the offer of single tunes as opposed to relying upon selling entire collections like it was done in the customary CD deals. The utilization of web would likewise limit cost by reducing such a significant number of expenses, for example, the expense of delivering the CDs and DVDs. It likewise wiped out that requirement for outsider venders, implying that the clients could get the music at a less expensive cost. The new patterns for such music items Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-36671683557683498102020-08-21T20:34:00.001-07:002020-08-21T20:34:04.608-07:00Miscommunication Employment and Carl free essay sampleCarl should begin the applicantââ¬â¢s direction on June 15. By July 15, the recently recruited employees ought to be in working status. Carl was reached by Monica on May 15 to guarantee he had manuals, preparing plan, direction, approach booklet, tranquilize test, and a progression of things took care of before the cutoff time. The after a long time after Memorial Day, Carl went to the workplace, to ensure the entirety of the desk work for the new candidates was prepared for direction. When Carl was experiencing the documents, he discovered things were not what it appeared. Two or three candidates didn't finish their applications, nor did they have their transcripts on record. Another issue was candidates were not sent to the obligatory medication testing facility. At long last the preparation room where Carl was going to hold is direction got reserved for that month he was going to hold preparing for fresh recruits. There are a great deal of issues that ABC Inc ought to be accused, yet Carl is liable for ensuring that all students are prepared for work. We will compose a custom article test on Miscommunication: Employment and Carl or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Huge numbers of issues ought to have been maintained a strategic distance from. 15 learners are not all set on the following period of their recruiting due to lack of common sense. This organization has some poor correspondence issues; thusly the employing procedure is messy and appears that issues possibly get fixed when they happen. On the off chance that even the organization itself has poor strategies, it doesn't mean Carl ought to keep poor gauges. Carl ought to have had an agenda prepared on the off chance that the any issues would have happened, he could have fixed the issue. The companyââ¬â¢s handbook is its staple. The manual speak to decides and values that laborers must follow. The direction manuals were missing pages out of the booklet. Expecting that everything in that manual is significant, ABC Inc. can't manage the cost of any pages to be missing. We should think back to see who got employed preceding the disclosure of the missing pages, to see who didn't get the data. Another issue is a lack of direction manuals. HR is normally generally speaking accountable for this. There is a stock issue and work force responsible for keeping stock. Carl additionally found that candidates didn't finish their application. I think both Carl and ABC Inc. ought to be to blame for this. ââ¬Å"If its never our deficiency, we can't assume Liability for it. In the event that we can't assume Liability for it, well consistently be its casualty. â⬠(Bach, R) If we never owe up to our own issue then we can never take sensibility for our activities. Perhaps the most serious issue that happened was the medication screening process. This could be the most serious issues of the report. This is an obligatory advance, which requires all students to finish this procedure before they starts work. On the off chance that this progression is postponed or missed, it ends every single other advance. Agreeing toà Yahoo business ââ¬Å"If you have been on a pursuit of employment as of late, you may have seen that numerous businesses presently necessitate that you take a pre-work sedate test. You need to breeze through the medication assessment so as to obtain the activity that you are looking for. Numerous individuals feel this is a superfluous advance for a business to take. In any case, the business doesnt see it a similar way. â⬠What are transcripts? As indicated by (Merriam-Webster) ââ¬Å"Definition ofà TRANSCRIPT To a composed, printed, or composed copy;â especially:â a for the most part composed duplicate of directed or recorded material. â⬠Personal administrative work can be delicate material when managing your organization. Missing transcripts show an absence of protections gives that can prompt issues on the two sides. Normally when this occurs, the individual accountable for that office ought to have been suspended or terminated. These models show how your organization handles its desk work. The most serious issue is a need correspondence. Today we live in a correspondence based-society. There are a couple of thing that could have been done distinctive to maintain a strategic distance from issues that this organization is having. ABC Inc. necessities to have the entirety of their data they give and get from representatives put away on an online database. For instance: if Carl finds that the representative manuals have missing pages, he could have downloaded them it from the website. Carl had to realize who finished the application. Online application for learners to round out is helpful. He could go online from any PC to check. Any candidate who didn't finish the application, could have reached them on the spot to guarantee all applications are rounded out accurately. In the event that the organization didn't feel great with online database, they could go with an associate what will deal with the handling administrative work. You can't turn out badly on the off chance that you recruit someone to make a particular showing, instead of stack everything on Carlââ¬â¢s plate. A pre-work tranquilize screening is a major issue since it is significance to have sedate free representative. There are two different ways to move toward this issue. First you can do in-house medicate testing. This is quickest and most effortless approach to get results and know whether candidates took the medication screening directly on the detect Another way you can get your medication pre-screening for representatives is redistributing at a nearby facility. This technique is somewhat more pricy however the testing procedure dealt with by experts. The two techniques can't work on the off chance that you don't speak with the two gatherings. Carl found that a collaborator is consuming the preparation room a similar time he expected to prepare the new candidates during the direction. There are a couple of answers for this issue. One path is to utilize nearby lodging gathering rooms. You can hold a live with just a multi day notice ahead of time. Another strategy like the arrangement is the site www. regus. com. Regus is an organization that has more than 4,500 gathering rooms across 600 urban communities in 100 nations so you can meet your clients in an advantageous area. As per Regus. com. This is the best wagered when you need a gathering place set up in a limited quantity of time. It is significant that there is a zone where Carl can prepare new representatives. Ensuring that they get the correct data before they go out to the work power. Carl not have a preparation room was significant and should have been tended to. Subsequent to doing some exploration I have pick the site www. regus. com. They have the most prepared accessible territories on the planet There was one principle reason I have decided to go with Regus over only a neighborhood lodging meeting room. When you get the gathering room from the inn, you despite everything need to stress over the materials in the room like Wi-Fi, whiteboard, etcâ⬠¦ Regus gives all of conveniences their meeting rooms. â⬠This is the ideal answer for any very late arrangement required. Each issue that Carl had was because of an absence of correspondence. When he understood what wasn't right, he was adhered attempting to fix the issues. I recommend getting a partner to keep Carl educated once something turned out badly. This is likewise a HR issue, so Carl ought to have called HR to deal with a portion of these issues. ABC Inc. needs work association, correspondences, and more staff in the HR office. ABCââ¬â¢s is disorderly with their employing procedure. Certain means ought to be taken to tidy that office up and dispose of a great deal of disarray on the two closures. Possibly have someone to come in and patch up the entire framework would be a decent proposal. Whenever there is an absence of correspondence among Carl and Abc Inc. Carl will have reinforcement an arrangement. Interestingly, Carl can learn for this experience and proceed onward. This may be a wake call for Carl. ABC Inc probably won't be the organization Carl might want to work for after this. Be that as it may, for Carl, this is an exercise learned and ideally he will his this later on to improve descisions. Supplement Appendix A Here are a few realities and steps to set up in-house tranquilize testing as indicated by www. usscreeningsource. com ââ¬Å"Developing your own in house tranquilize testing system can spare roughly half off your present lab expenses! 1. Set up a composed substance misuse strategy Train your managers Educate your workers Consider giving an Employee Assistance Program 2. Execute a medication testing program 3. Teach your representatives ââ¬Å" Appendix A Here is two or three things www. regus. com organization offers. ââ¬Å"You can organize our gathering spaces for a wide range of business events â⬠pick a format that accommodates your gathering: * Boardroom ââ¬Ã¢ perfect for formal gatherings * Cabaret â⬠incredible for communitarian working * Theater â⬠for proficient introductions * Classroom â⬠an agreeable training environmentâ * U-shape â⬠empowers and supports open conversation Or browse standard gathering rooms, loose yet secret meeting rooms or video correspondence suites. All gathering rooms are served by a committed help group and include: * FREEà Internet * FREEà Flipchart, whiteboard and markers * FREEà Water * FREEà Pads Plus phone with speakerphone work, cooking administrations accessible and utilization of a LCD projector and screen whenever required. â⬠References 1. Richard Bach. (n. d. ). BrainyQuote. com. Recovered April 1, 2013, from BrainyQuote. com Web webpage: http://www. brainyquote. com/cites/cites/r/richardbac389113. html Read more at http://www. brainyquote. com/reference/cites/cites/r/richardbac389113. html#9JV Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-10883439511988284702020-08-17T11:45:00.001-07:002020-08-17T11:45:03.674-07:00How to Write Accomplishments on Your Resume How to Write Accomplishments on Your Resume An accomplishment section is a great addition to your resume. It can help demonstrate your skills in action and show the potential employer that you can add value to the organization beyond just performing your duties.But we all know that bragging about our accomplishment isnât always easy. Not to mention being sure what even counts as an accomplishment! Sure, youâve gone to work each day but thatâs not really an accomplishment, is it?In this guide, weâll go through what constitutes as an accomplishment and how to write the section in style. You can find plenty of tips and concrete examples to help you create a winning resume. WHATâS AN ACCOMPLISHMENT?Before we start looking at how to write the section, itâs important to understand what accomplishments mean. You want to ensure the section is about your accomplishments and not just a list of other things. The most common confusion amongst job applicants is to treat accomplishments as duties or strengths.Accomplishments are specific actions youâve taken and which have resulted in a beneficial outcome. The outcome must be something better than what was expected of you â" it must provide positive benefits to either you or the organization you were working for.Itâs not about the things you were meant to do. Itâs not an accomplishment to manage a clientele of 100 people â" this is a duty; something that was part of your job description in the first place. An accomplishment would be something like âI helped grow the client-base from 100 to 150 in six monthsâ. This wouldnât just be doing your job but going above and beyond your usual duties.Furth ermore, your accomplishment shouldnât be a list of your strengths either. You donât need to list your characteristics here or mention you are good at languages â" youâd rather want to outline an achievement that provided benefits.BEFORE YOU START WRITING ACCOMPLISHMENTSNow that you know what constitutes as accomplishments, you can start preparing to write them. You should take the following three steps to get started.Brainstorm and list your accomplishmentsTake a piece of paper or open a Word-document and start brainstorming. You can just write all the accomplishments you can think of from your career and academic life. If you want, you can even mention any major accomplishment from things youâve done outside of your academic or work career â" for example, any accomplishments from your voluntary work.Donât edit or think too much at this stage. Just let your mind flow and look back to the things youâve achieved in the past. To make the brainstorming session easier, you should ask yourself the following questions:Have I received praise or recognition from colleagues or bosses? What were the specific tasks I was applauded for?Have I received a promotion, and award or commendations from clients?Have I been selected to be part of special projects or committees?Am I known for something specific in the workplace or team?What are the accomplishments I feel the most proud?Include anything that comes to mind at this point â" the time for editing and refining is later. If youâre finding it hard to come up with any accomplishments on your own, you can always ask your colleagues or friends to help.Understand and list the qualities the job is looking forNext, you want to take another piece of paper and analyze the job posting. You want to carefully read it through and list all the things the employer is looking for in the perfect candidate. List those skills and characteristics.Think about the items youâve listed in terms of the achievements that would sh owcase them. What kinds of achievements would help you in the role? For example, if the employer is looking for an experienced IT person, think how your accomplishment could show this? Perhaps youâve received a special award for your IT skills or youâre known as the âunofficial IT guyâ at the office.Pick the achievements the employer is looking forNow itâs time to combine the two. You need to examine your listed accomplishments in the light of what the employer is looking for. Remember your resume has to be relevant to the job you are applying for and you donât want to waste the hiring managers time by including information that doesnât interest them. Therefore, you shouldnât list accomplishments, which arenât relevant for the role.You want to go through the lists and pick out the accomplishment that best fit the job description. Those achievements that highlight your ability to perform in the role and help the organization move forward.WRITING ACCOMPLISHMENTS ON Y OUR RESUMEYou now have a list of accomplishments that are relevant to the role. Itâs now time to start refining and editing your accomplishments.You need to focus on resultsRemember how at the start we talked about the difference between an accomplishment and a duty. You are not here to tell what youâve done, as much as you are to tell what happened as a result. The key to accomplishment is in the outcome â" the recognition of your actions.Therefore, your focus should be on the results. Your accomplishment section should show how youâve been able to do something outside of what was expected of you. You want to focus on the benefits you brought to the employer or for your own professional career.For example, your accomplishment section should state things like âIâm a hard working employee, who stays overtime to get the job done.â Thatâs not an accomplishment. But if you say, âI often stay overtime to finish my projects, which has resulted in praise from my colleagues and boss,â you are presenting an accomplishment. You are doing something that has caused people around you to recognize it positively â" in this case, you doing overtime helps the team finish projects.You should quantify your achievementsAnother important thing is to focus on quantifying those results. You want to use figures because they add more context to your accomplishments. Look at the examples below and think which one sounds more impressive:âIâve been recognized by my colleagues as a great customer service person.ââIâve been awarded the customer service person of the month award for three months in a row by my employers.âYou probably agree the latter example is much more powerful. It illustrates the accomplishment clearer â" not only do you mention thereâs an actual award for it (i.e. a competition youâve won), but you also highlight youâve not just done it twice but THREE times.When you are looking at your chosen achievements, ask yourself:Have I rece ived an award or a concrete promotion due to my actions? For example, the Employee of the Month award.Can I illustrate those achievements with figures, such as percentages or monetary amounts? For instance, improving sales by 10%.Have I done things ahead of time and received praise for it? For example, finishing a project three weeks in advance.Of course, you wonât always be able to quantify everything you have done. You shouldnât pluck numbers from thin air here. If the accomplishment is appropriate and relevant in all other ways, then you should include it on your list without forcing a figure into it.Use action and power wordsAs you are refining your accomplishments and writing them on your resume, you need to pay attention to the language you use. The average hiring manager spends around six to ten seconds looking at your resume and itâs important to catch their attention. The best way to do it is by including colorful language. You want to include actionable and powerful words.You can find a list of great action verbs from the Resume Genius blog post âThe Longest Action Verb List in the Universeâ. It includes great verbs such as:ManagedImplementedDevelopedOrganisedCommunicatedInitiatedAdaptedYou definitely want to place your action verb right at the start of the sentence. Instead of saying, âMy colleagues awarded me with an awardâ, you should be saying, âReceived an Employee of the Month awardâ.So, what about power words? Those are words The Balance describes as words that âwill jump off your page, quickly showing the hiring manager that you have the skills and other qualifications for the jobâ. Now, there are different types of power words and the action verbs mentioned above are just one example. Others include words like:Words describing the company values.Words that showcase popular transferable and soft skills.Words that are used in the job description, i.e. the keyword.Words that are popular in the industry.As you can see, powe r words are easily identifiable when you research the company during the brainstorming session.Follow the PAR methodA great way of writing the accomplishment section can be to include achievements that follow the PAR method. PAR stands for:PROBLEM ACTION RESULTSo, you would take a problem, and then show the actions you took to resolve it and highlight the beneficial results. For instance, you might have been faced with a declining client-base at your previous work as a barista. You implemented a new voucher mechanism, which helped boost your clientele by 20%.The PAR method can be used in all sorts of ways. Please note the problem doesnât have to be something you actively noticed or went on to tackle at the time. It can just be used to add context to your accomplishment and provide insight into your skills. Presenting your accomplishment in this manner doesnât just talk about those achievements but also your problem solving skills â" you include a hidden message for the hiring managers, who are always reading between the lines, too!You also donât always have to use the PAR method in that order. You could also build the sentence by noting the action first before presenting the problem and the result. You can also just show the result first and then show the action and problem.The Problem The Action The ResultIdentified the companyâs inefficiency in accounting software and developed a new system, which helped save $3,000 annually.Develop new accounting software to tackle companyâs inefficiencies, resulting in $3,000 annual savings.Helped the company save $3,000 annually by developing accounting software to tackle inefficiencies.EXAMPLES OF GOOD ACCOMPLISHMENTS SECTIONSWith the above information in mind, you might be eager to see concrete examples of good accomplishment sections. Here are a few sentences you should consider when writing your resume:âManaged budget of X number of dollars.ââPromoted X number of times in Y number of years.ââG rew site traffic by X amount over Y period of time.ââPlaced stories in X number of publications.ââIncreased customer satisfaction rating by X percent.ââOrganized quarterly volunteer projects with upwards of 50 volunteers per event.ââReduced time spent on inventory by 20% by reorganizing physical storage of supplies.âSource: Jobscan.co blog posts from here, here and hereEach of the above example starts with an actionable word and includes a quantified example of a result. They are crisp and on point.Monster.com has also three great examples that show how to move your accomplishment from the initial rough idea into a polished answer. The examples include this one for a teaching job:Notes:When I first started, students were passing state exams at the dismal rate of 67%. I updated the curriculum and instilled the students with a love of history. By yearâs end, my students had achieved a 93% pass rate.The polished statement:Dramatically increased pass rate of eight-gr ade students from 67% to a record-high of 93% on state proficiency testing.You can see how the refining has worked. There has been an identification of the key figures and the use of the PAR method. In the above example, the method is used by first stating the action, then the problem and finally, the result. Furthermore, the single bullet point starts with a power word and an actionable word.As mentioned, you might not always have figures to present. The Monster.com post also has a good example of an accomplishment statement for these circumstances. This example is for the position of an administrative assistant.Notes:On my first day on the job, I couldnât find anything because the filing system was a mess. Customers were unhappy because wait times were long as we located files. I reorganised the filing system, which now works beautifully.The polished statement:Improved office efficiency and customer service by overhauling previously haphazard filing system.ADDITIONAL TIPS TO KEE P IN MINDYou should keep a few other things in mind when compiling the list of achievements. Itâs important to remember the importance of keywords when writing your resume. Modern resumes are often digital and they get scanned by a system called applicant tracking system (ATS).The technology uses keywords outlined by the employer to pick the resumes and applications who best match the employerâs criteria. Therefore, you need to ensure you select words and use language that would match those keywords and boost your chances of moving forward in the hiring funnel.How do you know what are the right keywords to use? You need to analyze the job description well. Itâs a good idea to match the wording on the job description and use similar terms and language the employer is using â" without forgetting to sound natural and only include skills and qualifications you have. You might also want to check out similar job postings to get an idea on the language the industry uses. You can fin d more tips on the below YouTube video: Hereâs a quick example to help you with keywords and writing the accomplishment. Letâs say the companyâs job posting is states the following things:You would be responsible for making marketing brochures.You would be responsible for Corporate Social Responsibility campaigns.You can include the keywords âmarketing brochuresâ and âCorporate Social Responsibility campaignsâ (CSR campaigns) by tying them to your accomplishments. For example, you might be able to write bullet points like these:Launched CSR campaign, increasing participation in an annual charity event by 30%.Created innovative marketing brochures to drive up sales by 20%. Itâs also important to avoid repetition. You donât want your accomplishment section and your skills section sound the same, for example. When you are writing the specific sections, you want to avoid mentioning the same skills and characteristics â" each part should offer something unique for the hiring manager to learn about you.So, make sure you donât just look at your achievement section in isolation from the rest of the resume. Ensure you donât list and talk about things you already have in the other parts and vice versa.In terms of formatting your accomplishment section, you should stick to bullet points. These are quicker and easier to read than paragraphs. If you are wondering how to format your resume, you should read this blog post.FINAL THOUGHTSWriting accomplishments on your resume might seem tricky. Weâre often told not to brag and now you are suddenly thrown into a situation where you need to boast. Itâs important to learn to keep track of your accomplishments as you go through life and to learn to give credit when credit is due.Like with any section in the resume, remember to keep it relevant to the job youâre applying for. Make it concrete by including figures and by outlining the situation with the PAR method â" focus your accomplishments on the re sults.With the above tips, you can write powerful bullet points that engage the hiring manager, impressing them with your skills and abilities. Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-44554017767433406762020-06-29T21:16:00.001-07:002020-06-29T21:16:03.997-07:00Sustainability Defies Exact Definition And Achievability Business Essay - Free Essay Example Viewed from economic aspects alone, sustainability can be defined in relation to an economy which is sustainable because of its dynamic efficiency and maximization of total welfare functions over a time frame (Stavins, et al, 2002). However, sustainability commonly concerns issues relating to society, environment or economy which three dimensions are perceived as to be mutually interdependent and not independent of one another (Omann, 2004, p. 68). Environmental sustainability accepts the premise that natural resources are expendable and can not be sustained forever (Dyllick and Hockerts, 1999). Environmental sustainability efforts include waste management and processes for recycling waste by production firms. Indeed, life support globally implies the need for regulating food, water, air, waste breakdown, soil fertility, and climate behavior. Economists like Pezzey (1989) and Solow (1993) aver that sustainability relates to the maintaining of a utility or welfare of a typical member of society. Economical sustainability is based on attempts to sustain financial viability or achieve optimum financial goals and is driven by the business attitude of businesses which implies the maximizing of shareholder or stakeholder value by firms (Doig, 1999). Firms can however attain both financial goals as well as larger social objectives (Duncan, 2002) while social sustainability implies a definition and need to achieve social capital (Putna m, 2000). Indeed, Putnam views social capital as being constituted of the various norms, principles, values, relationships, networks, etc. Gladwin, et al (1995, p. 2) even observe that organizations can become socially sustainable by internalizing social costs, foster democracy and also add to community value, while Dyllick and Hockerts (1999, p. 134) consider social sustainability as effective if it can help the various stakeholders to better understand social capital issues as well as align their aspirations with larger interests of society. Other research (Viederman, 1994) views sustainability as being a participatory process that both creates and follows a concept of community which can make effective use of all types of resources like human, natural, synthetic, human-scientific, technological, social, cultural, and so on. Achievable sustainability can thus be taken to mean the attainment of a social system for satisfying needs of the community at large, better protecting the en vironment, effecting and sustaining high levels of economic growth and assuring human development (Church, 2003). Sustainability involves the economy as well as the fundamental ecological and environmental systems and the broader social fabric containing the economy itself (Norton and Toman, 1997). Broadly speaking, sustainable development or sustainability is not only an ecologic-scientific concept that attempts to view it as delimiting the exploitation of nature or the environment, but more fundamentally is the formulation of the ethical ideal of equity as well as a balanced approach as between benefits and damages (Arnold, et al, 2001). Indeed, this ethic-normative view of sustainability represents the byword of the good and the right (Thielemann, 2004). Sustainability implies an ability to face uncertain events like hazards, sudden changes, innovations, etc. (Bruckmeier, p. 1389) while other research (Holling, 2001, p. 390) views sustainability as a continued game of trying and maintaining an adaptive ability. Sustainability thus defies an exact definition and essentially attempts to resolve problems like poverty, population explosion, wellbeing of humans, economic growth, industrialization and its unintended consequences, the destruction of the environment, climate change, depleting resources, a dis-embedded globalizing economy, etc. (Bruckmeier, 2009). Sustainability seems impossible to achieve, because it has a vague conceptual nature, such concepts are often disputed, involves complex problems that need to be resolved or addressed by changing social or economic structures and individual behavior (Bruckmeier, 2009). Sustainability also seems impossible to achieve in entirety, both due to its complex nature as well as the divergent approaches to defining and assessing it. Hence, while some sustainability objectives can be easily achieved, others need further control over extraneous factors of society and environment. Sustainability is in this sense an ab stract concept; humanity appears still to come terms with even some of the problems that endanger future generations. While sustainability is multifaceted and no single definition or assessment can serve all purposes, it encompasses two definite dimensions, viz. human and ecological. But, the very concept of sustainability is vague and a still-evolving theoretical construct. 3. Why sustainability is necessary Several authors have written upon sustainability and why it is needed. Their works differ in the way they view the problems facing the world and its life forms. However, broadly speaking, sustainability encompasses social, environmental and economic dimensions. Sustainability is necessary to resolve the problems caused by unplanned civilization growth and the diverse and unbalanced political, economic and social policies pursued by governments across the world. It is also a theoretical approach to address the problems caused by human interactions with nature over centuries of expansion of the human civilization. Spangenberg (2007, pp. 2-5) aptly summarizes the key problems facing human life and global ecology in one of his many background papers for sustainability conferences as being constituted of four key issues. One is the overuse of the environment and the consequent threat to the stability of systems supporting life itself. Another is the undervaluing of labor in different pa rts of the world as also the skewed distribution of incomes causing widening economic gap between haves and have-nots. A third is the way business enterprises follow a path of cost-cutting in tackling future problems though old strategies; new innovative strategies are ignored and old ones like mergers, restructuring, etc. are persisted with. The fourth and last is the crisis of legitimization caused by untrustworthy decision makers who can not ensure common good of society. Spangenberg also highlights several ways in which life on earth is threatened. Thus, according to him, there is massive degradation of marine resources that in turn impact fisheries, the threat to agricultural productivity due to deforestation and loss in fertility of the soil, the threat to human water supplies and utility of land for agriculture use due to depleting ground water levels and increasing ground water pollution, the loss of biodiversity due to massive felling of entire forests, the continuing loss in forest value, forest dieback and lake acidification, the danger to human health and decreased agricultural and marine produce owing to the phenomenally high rate of depletion of stratospheric ozone, the high economic costs caused by increasing temperature, increasingly unpredictable natural calamities, weather fluctuations and rainfall pattern changes which are again all caused by accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (2007, p. 2). One of the most comprehensive efforts at achieving sustainability is outlined by the INES (INES, 1996) which advocates the development of sustainability through protecting the integrity of the biosphere by practicing sustainable agriculture and forestry, preserving marine life and biodiversity, and by protecting nature via networks. It also advocates the efficient use of resources through social innovation, better resource allocation and efficient new technologies. The INES also emphasizes self-reliance, participatory democracy, fair tr ade, and peace and non-violence as being other essential features of sustainability. Obviously and as is commonly acknowledged, attempts to achieve sustainability seek to limit resource use so as to conserve renewable as well as non-renewable resources, reduce pollution of water, soil and air, control wastes through efficient recycling, control population, protect biodiversity in nature, establish democratic and social justice principles, implement basic human necessities and establish proper decision making systems, among others. However, sustainability is still only an effort at achieving ecological, economical and social objectives. It attempts to address issues like environmental pollution, economic sustainability of individuals, organizations and nations, as also seeks to attain social equity. In as much as sustainability concerns itself with improving and sustaining human life and its quality, it impacts a host of sectors like roads and transportation, environment, business pr ocesses, biodiversity, technology, industrial waste management, organizational strategy, and so on. Sustainability issues also relates to local, regional, national or global needs and aspirations. Local needs may or may not reflect global or national concerns; they may also indicate broader macro objectives of both governments and the global human community. Regional concerns may also often be perceived as being key decision making issues for successful sustainability achievement. However, global concerns encompassing environment, economy and society form a common ground on which all sustainability efforts, whether local, regional or national, are essentially based upon. Thus extant literature touches upon various sustainable concerns like land use sustainability, water use sustainability, natural resources sustainability, sustainability of special communities, sustainability or flora and fauna, sustainability of petroleum resources, and so on, although they reflect more of an ideal concept of sustainability achievement rather than a practically attainable concept. 4. Sustainability in organizations Earlier research (Friedman, 1970) point to a fundamental trade-off between a firms economic performance and its social engagement while it is commonly acknowledged that voluntarily engaging in social outcome may not hold sufficient or necessary incentives for a business firm to prefer such social engagement over its avowed policy of economic gratification. However, current ethical and social responsibility initiatives of modern firms belie this perception, although the adoption of social objectives may afford long term economic benefits to a firm. A business enterprise generally moves through six stages when it transforms itself towards sustainability (Dunphy, 2003). The first stage is that of rejection of negative impacts or the flouting of laws. The second stage is one of non-responsiveness of the firm to sustainability needs. Instead, during this phase, the firm follows a path of short-term profitability. However, in such a state, firm stand to lose their bearings in the alterin g market landscape and change management may often be too late in reversing declines. The next stage is that of compliance, when the firm builds upon its social and market reputation or brand as well as counters risks by following regulations and by respecting relevant laws. In the fourth stage, firms follow a path of operating and cost efficiency in the backdrop of its larger social objectives. In the penultimate or fifth stage of transformation, the firm follows a central policy of sustainability adoption and stresses on innovative processes, practices of systems. In the last or sixth stage, the firm tries to sustain itself. Such a sustainability objective transcends limiting and narrower economic considerations. Again, a firm also adopts suitable strategies for achieving such sustainability. Various scholars outline different strategies for achieving sustainability by a business enterprise. Thus, three traditional strategies for achieving sustainability are ecologically based and include an efficiency strategy, a sufficiency strategy and a consistency strategy (Huber, 1995). The efficiency strategy attempts to reduce material and energy consumption during production phase. A consistency strategy tries to maintain quality of output or products in a process. Such a strategy achieves quality and replaces existing noxious materials with naturally formed substances. Under the sufficiency strategy, the use of products by end-users or customers is optimized. Still other researchers mention four distinct types of sustainability strategies: a defensive strategy that minimizes risks, and is oriented towards society; an offensive transformative strategy that is also society oriented and tries to create new markets for society; the efficiency strategy is also defensive and oriented to the market since it focuses on improving productivity; the last type of strategy or innovative strategy is also an offensive one and attempts to achieve value additions for the customers in a sustainable market (Bieker and Dyllick, 2006). In addition to the three traditional strategies as outlined by Huber (1995), other research (Schaltegger Burritt, 2005) identifies four more competitive strategies with broader societal leanings. One is the sustainability market buffering strategy that attempts to define defensive business goals. This strategy views environmental and social concerns as threats to business and mainly tries to reduce existing legal regulations as well as prevent further ones from being formulated. The sustainability cost strategy is also environmentally and socially oriented, more of a compliance strategy and only attempts to fulfill the firms related obligations. The sustainability differentiation strategy recognizes that a firm needs to adopt suitable product or price differentiation in order for it to stay competitive and sustainable. The firm builds strategies via innovation, which afford it economical gains t and also builds up its brand value. The sustainability market development strategy tries and builds markets for the sustainable products of the firm. A firm following such a strategy tries to promote products sustainability, advocates stronger regulatory environment and also tries to change its approach towards business the customers (Schaltegger and Burritt, 2005). There is also a concept of corporate sustainability used frequently by organizational strategists. Thus some research points to such a corporate sustainability as being related to the sustainability as contributed by a corporation (Dentchev, 2004). Experts view two types of such corporate sustainability. One is the weak corporate sustainability which emphasizes that sustainable efforts should help creating total wealth that should not reduce with time (Atkinson, 2000). The total wealth is used to refer to the totality of social, economic and environmental value as created by corporations. Other experts view weak corporate sustainability as facilitating loss in environmental value to be compensated by social or economic values (Reinhardt, 2000), when the total value is stagnant or increasing; indeed, according to this view, weak corporate sustainability depicts a sustainable firm as being one that creates value when measuring costs and revenues at social opportunity costs (p. 30). Social costs can include private costs (e.g., capital and labor costs) and costs not directly reflected by market prices (p.27) Again, strong corporate sustainability means physical protection of absolute levels of natural assets implying that natural assets cater to complex ecological functions which are significant for maintaining and also such functions can not replace other assets (Atkinson, 2000). The weak sustainability concept depicts an economical concept of the sustainability discourse (Aguirre, 2002), whereas strong sustainability relates to environmental concerns. Again, others (e.g., Gladwin et al, 1995) view strong corporate sustainability a s being eco-centric. 5. Problems in achieving sustainability Several authors observe that sustainability considerations without including population control measures appear to render sustainability as a theoretical construct. Such authors view population control as a necessary precondition for ay sustainability strategy to succeed and also that, sustainability is just a fragile and simplistic theoretical construct when it emphasizes measures for managing land-use patterns and ideology while at the same time neglecting population increases (Wilson, 1995, p. 65). Again, Appleton observes succinctly that sustainability can be pursued in various ways, can even be achieved partially or to slight degrees, but can never be achieved definitely (2006, p.3-18). The reasons why sustainability is more theory than a practical proposition needs further explanation which this paper attempts to do. One theory has it that material resources are fast depleting on the earth and that sustainability or sustainable development can be achieved if maximum recycl ing of materials be possible or if materials being processed be limited in quantity over a specified time period. Thus, while economic growth is facilitated by increased use and consumption of resources, sustainability appears to succeed if the resources use is minimized. Bartlett observes that increased economic growth implies increased consumption of scarce non-renewable resources which goes against the basic sustainability principle (Bartlett, 2005, p. 27). Again he avers that population growth can not be sustained in a society and sustainability becomes more difficult of achievement, the larger the population (p. 35). Likewise, Spangenberg (2007, p. 15) too highlights how sustainability requires stakeholder integration, sharing of responsibilities and a need for a consensual approach to resolving problems, which in practice is quite difficult to achieve. Consensus also seems difficult to achieve due to differences in approach to adopting suitable measures for tackling the proble ms. Consensus also often fails with regard to facilitating better distribution of available resources since much of the same are the result of natures distribution and basically inequitable so as to hinder a unified approach to sustainability. Indeed, the achievement of sustainability requires the establishment of increased distributional justice as well as social care (Zeigler, 2003). Again, Spangenberg aptly observes that critical factors that can aid sustainability efforts to succeed include the adoption of innovative new processes, as also the political willingness to confront or withstand vested interests that threaten to disrupt unified and required sustainability goals (2007, p. 11). Several studies indicate multiple factors in modern organizations that serve to hinder the achievement of global sustainability. Since sustainability efforts involve rely on better and lesser use of energy and physical resources, use of recycling of resources and innovative new processes, meas ures for tackling pollution of water, soil and air by production firms, reducing income disparities and protecting and overall sustaining all the life forms on the planet, the role of business enterprises in the global sustainability effort assumes critical significance. However, there are several problems and drawbacks that plague business enterprises and which prevent the achievement of successful sustainability outcomes. Such drawbacks in firms encompass marketing, financial, etc. dimensions. Market awareness of sustainability and environmental issues are unequal amongst B2B, B2C and B2G sectors. Markets are also still price-denominated and there are few market incentives as yet to promote sustainable development. Environment policies need to be flexible and oriented towards the future. Embedded systems and traditional processes also render sustainability efforts difficult to attain. For effective change to occur so as to facilitate sustainable development, huge capital is also n ecessary. This too acts as a high barrier to suitable adoption of newer products or processes that can successfully align business practices with a global sustainability policy. There is also a lack of vision and commitment in senior management in organizations which also prevent a quicker adoption of sustainable practices within the organization. In a situation where change in organizational systems or practices require both high commitment and huge capital, lack of commitment and a sustained effort by stakeholders can not serve to achieve sustainability. Additionally, the management of enterprises often adopt short-term business oriented views rather realize and implement policies or processes for achieving larger goals of society. Again, a viable and uniform definition of sustainability is difficult to attain and underscores such basic differences which effectively prevents the adoption of a successful and consensual approach to resolving complex sustainability issues. Sustainabi lity is rendered all the more unachievable in as much as businesses are driven by self-interest and are obsessed by profit motive, governments tackle the problem in a disjointed manner, and individual decisions can impact the whole larger issue negatively. Also, governments all over the world technical, scientific, economic and social expertise to act upon key sustainability issues (Blackmore, 2001). Again, government regulators and law-enforcers often are corrupted and unwilling to implement key sustainability oriented policies. Hence, laws formulated to tackle sustainability issues and effected through the various treaties, constitutional provisions, and statutory rules and regulations are often not adhered to at local, regional or national levels; such laws are also not supported by adequate powers for effecting sanctions, monitoring or enforcement (Sunstein, 1997). Indeed, many authors argue for better accountability instead of pursuing sustainability, which appears to be an imp ossible dream (Barnhizer, 2006, p. 19). Elsewhere Barnhizer also avers that sustainability relating to the environmental, human rights and ecological aspect is unconnected with the actual human systems that are responsible for ensuring better economic growth and stable political order (2006, p. 17). Other research (Waldrop, 1992) also highlights another important aspect of human efforts to tackle sustainability issues; he says that narrow and short term objectives of those in political power across the world are mean that the political masters are unable to know in advance of the future catastrophes till the moment they occur by which time it is quite difficult and almost impossible to avoid the negative outcomes or significantly mitigated by any concerted political efforts. Several researchers (e.g., Yates, 1999) mention that most theoretical attempts to resolve sustainability problem issues are far removed from the reality of human systems as they exist. He avers that most such efforts at attaining sustainability emphasize changes to institutional systems and behavioral approaches of business which are very difficult to achieve, if at all they can be achieved in practicality. Also, even when such institutional or behavioral changes can be effected, there is a possibility of real crisis or collapse of systems to occur and which can effect to make political or other decision makers act in alignment with sustainability principles. Indeed, most attempts to tackle crisis also, when these do happen, are feeble and partial, necessitating critical support from governments as well as a mandated approach to regulating issues for successful sustainability achievement to occur. It is thus commonly a too little too late syndrome that negates all sustainability efforts to effectively tackle to any degree the negative consequences of such human-induced and highly degrading phenomenon of natural chaos or crisis (Yates, 1999). Barnhizer (2006, p. 18-22) too observes that problems in achieving sustainability have their roots in both natural as well as social systems. According to him, there is need to manage conflicting needs for providing social benefits, education, health care, pensions to the aged, and for alleviating poverty. Such a need entails availing massive funds in order to rectify wrongs that may have already been done to social, economic or environmental systems. Additional globalization and related problems like population growth, increasing transnational populations due to cross-border migration, the adoption of multicultural diversity, and a materialistic focus to life has changed human view of life and its quality. Urban locations are also increasingly becoming crowded as rural populations migrate to these places in search of better income levels, and coastal development needs massive investment, support infrastructure and supply sources. Also, increasing population, unbalanced distribution in population geographically and age demogra phics severely impact uniformity of adoption of similar sustainability measures all across the globe. Current economic systems are also more open, with information exchanges having facilitated the have-nots to better understand and aspire for what the haves possess in huge measure for rendering life of quality and comfort. Barnhizer therefore views such conditions as irreversible and such as to render a practical achievement of sustainability quite impossible and worth relegating to the refuse heap of history (2006, p. 21). He does acknowledge that some sustainability efforts can be successful in a limited way but can satisfy only a small finite population. However, he continues that local sustainability efforts cannot produce or be a part of a larger global or national effort at achieving sustainability. Again, he refers to organizational efforts at achieving sustainability over and above it profit goals as an impossible approach since business enterprises are only in existence to record more profits for its owners and shareholders. Relying on these profit-driven business enterprises for achieving nobler social goals as envisaged by sustainability advocates is both of lesser value and a predicator of non-achievement of larger sustainability outcomes (p. 41). More tellingly, he pinpoints the causes of the sorry state of sustainability achievement as the business systems and decisions made rather than on the decision makers themselves (p. 42). Elsewhere, he also avers that business enterprises run on investments and those who invest huge amounts of money want to get significant returns on their investments rather than on having their funds utilized for any social or long-term goals and this fact renders sustainable decision making quite irrelevant (p. 43). 6. A more optimistic view of sustainability The achievement of sustainability has been viewed with pessimism by many experts. The views of such experts go to support the view that sustainability is a mirage rather than actually achievable. The Brundtland Commission did not help matters any, although it still remains a defining agent for promoting global sustainability management, when it treated the population issue partially or not at all. Indeed, any attempt to tackle un-sustainability appears seriously lacking in effort as per the accounts of several eminent researchers and authors (e.g., Bartlett, 2005). Nonetheless, sustainability is actively promoted by governments and nations as well as rights groups and business organizations of repute. Thus, one hears of various sustainability initiatives like green technology, green supply chain, green architecture, green taxes, etc. Indeed, sustainability as an organizational vision and as followed by senior management in reputed organizations and business concerns is getting to b e quite common of occurrence. The achievement of actual sustainability hinges on the narrow or broad approach to sustainability that is envisioned by the management decision makers and the interactions of various organizational resources and the various stakeholders both internal and external, and some evident and some not at all evident- that constitute the complex organizational systems in modern firms. Often enough, management treats sustainability as a vision and ca not put it into concrete shape or direction. The traditional economic goals also hinder an active adoption of the sustainable goals envisioned by the management. However, many organizations have been somewhat successful in achieving objectives relating to sustainability within them. A global sustainability concept considers such operational or practical issues like focusing on social, economic and ecological growth, emphasis on social inter or intra generational equity, better integration of government policies, con tributing enhanced value to the environment, achieving responsibility of the global community, adopting a precautionary public policy, as also entail higher community participation in sustainable development. Advocates of sustainability preach a so-called triple bottom line that combines financial, social and environmental approaches. Successful sustainability achievement necessitates an approach laying equal emphasis on economic, social and environmental goals. However, in practice, this is often not achieved or achievable. Business organizations, for instance, are there to do business, and hence any notion of social sustainability is alien to firms following sound business principles of deriving optimum economic returns on capital employed. However, studies also indicate that, in the long term, one has to follow the triple bottom line approach for sustaining the very environment, economy and social structure in which business enterprisers operate. Achieving sustainability, therefo re, is more a critical need rather than an option to pursue or not to pursue. 7. Conclusion While sustainability or sustainable development is an idealized concept rather than has been practically achieved, it is also true that individuals, firms, societies, nations, governments, human rights advocates and the global community at large cannot remain immune to changes and evolving patterns in their social, financial, ecological and real-life environment. Emerging technologies as well as new streams of knowledge and innovation management are increasingly perceived as having the ability to solve many problem issues facing the human race, and not only in a limited environment that a business entity consists of. Indeed, business enterprises are only a small but significant part of a larger global community that can positively or negatively impact its environment; the intrinsic cause and consequence characteristic effect of nature can not be negated in the present or in the future by any means and perhaps, ultimately, the fight to assure as well as sustain human life and its qu ality for a finite or infinite period of time is dependant on the ways the various participants in the global community interact among themselves. Various regulatory or mandatory controls only serve to emphasize the fragile and fickle nature of humans; ideology is but the basic driver of all sustainability efforts that can well make practical efforts in the field a success. The real test for humans lies in the far or not so far future when, perhaps, everyone finds that it is already too late to reverse the final demise of humanity. At such time, the question of whether sustainability is a social construct and an impossible dream or if at all it can be practically achieved, would in all probability cease to have any meaning whatsoever. Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-34472169989545939532020-05-24T07:14:00.001-07:002020-05-24T07:14:02.944-07:00The Layout of Joseph Campbellââ¬â¢s Heroââ¬â¢s Journey in The... Joseph Campbellââ¬â¢s Heroââ¬â¢s Journey can be found through the layout of The Epic of Gilgamesh. Steps from each of the major phases such as the departure, initiation, and return are steps in the epic. Gilgameshââ¬Ës Heroââ¬â¢s journey begins with the call to adventure this is where Gilgamesh tells Enkidu that they are to fight the beast, Humbaba ( 110.131-136). The call which is refused takes place within Gilgameshââ¬â¢s dreams that he will fail (117.50-60). The step is not very important due to the face that it is not an outright refusal, only subconscious thoughts. Supernatural appears in numerous forms throughout the epic, one being his mother is a goddess (106.268-270). The next imporatnat step listed is crossing of the first threshold. Gilgamesh and Enkidu leave the safe haven of Uruk and enter the forest (113.20-24) and begin their adventure together. When Enkiduââ¬â¢s dies, Gilgamesh enters the belly of the whale. That is the last of the steps of Joseph Campbellââ¬â¢s Heroââ¬â¢s Journey. During the rest of the story, the steps change order and some are taken out completely. One could argue a valid statement for each of the steps, but some are more figurative rather than literal. The Odyssey the Epic Hero Cycle Odysseus is the King of Ithaca. He has been fighting in the Trojan War and helped the Greeks win the Trojan War. After winning the Trojan War he wants to get home and reclaim his kingdom and to see his wife and his son, Telemachus. While on his journey home Odysseus faces many Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-58927746678066715842020-05-19T03:38:00.001-07:002020-05-19T03:38:04.189-07:00Implications Of Leadership And Ethics On Organizational... Implications of Leadership and Ethics on Organizational Behavior Introduction Leadership and management is important to keep the professional and personal life in a flow. In this paper, my personal leadership characteristics along with my strengths and weaknesses, and behavioral implications have been analyzed. After which, there is a comparative study between Heroic Management and Engaged Leadership. In organizational Ethics Section, the organizational code of ethics has been analyzed. Also, a survey was conducted among colleagues, the result of which is discussed in a summarized form at the end of the paper. 1. Leadership My personal leadership effectiveness is mainly dependent on my own strengths and abilities that how effective I am to manage different kind of situation. Also, it is necessary to know about my own weaknesses and those areas in which I feel myself unconfident or threatened, so that, I can overcome such issues to improve my personal leadership effectiveness. Strengths i. I am very creative and often impress my colleagues with a new perspective regarding business. ii. I have great communication skills. iii. I have the ability to work under pressure. iiii. I am fully committed to work and handle work confidently. v. I can motivate others when working as a team. vi. I have strong critical thinking and decision-making skills. Weaknesses i. I often become confused when trying a new thing or when engaged in any activity other than routine work. ii. I becomeShow MoreRelatedThe Leader s Ethical Values Influence Leadership Style Essay1658 Words à |à 7 Pagesamaze you if you discovered that ethics and leadership style are correlated? The leaders come from various industries for instance, public, private, government, and non-profit/for-profit. The leaderââ¬â¢s ethical values influence leadership style. The research suggests that the transformational leadership style is established on deontological ethics whereas transactional leadership is based on teleological ethics. 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He claimed it must include adults of both sexes of whom maintain a socially accepted sexual relationship, and own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting adults. Murdocks definition is focuses on the Nuclear family stereotypically made up of a ââ¬Ëtwo-generation family heterosexual couples with offspringââ¬â¢ (Moore, Chapman and Aiken p136). This definition of the family is popularâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦(2004),for example, conflict between husband and wife, child abuse and male dominance etc. They also pay less attention on the harmful effects the family may have on the wider society. Unlike the Marxists, the functionalists never consider variations in family life based on class, ethnicity, religion and locality. However according to Willmott and Young, the pre-industrial family tended to be nuclear, not extended as claimed by Parsons with parents and children working together in cottage industries such as weaving. They also argue that the hardship of these early industrial periods gave rise to the mother centered working class extended family, based on ties between mother and their married daughters who relied on each other for financial, practical and emotional support. Marxists view the family in a very disparaging light and views the family as a tool of Capitalism and the Bourgeoisie. Marxists believe that the family has many roles, which are beneficial to Capitalist society. Marxists believe that the family aids Capitalism by being a big consumer of goods, which they have to pay for. As long as the families are around, people will keep buying the product and the bourgeoisie will continue to make money. Marxists also believe that housewives are producing the next generation of the proletariat. This means that more people will be created to fill the jobs of the retiring proletariat. 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As a result of this change of times, literature changed itââ¬â¢s perspective; effectively, the transition from modernist ideals to postmodernist ideals. Much like modernism, however, post-modernism offered to reject ideals presented by both prior literary trends and the popular ideas of their time; yet for postmodernism, the rejection mostly dealt withRead MoreArticle Review -Discpline of Building Characters985 Words à |à 4 Pagesprofessional responsibilities conflict with our values:. During these defining moments, we must choose between right andââ¬âright. Unlike other ethical decisions, where the options are clearly right and wrong, defining moments as k us to choose between two ideals. Resolving defining moments requires skills not listed on most job descriptionsââ¬âprobing self-inquiry, in particular. These skills enable us to craft an authentic identity based on our own, rather than othersââ¬â¢, understanding of whatââ¬â¢s right. Managers Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-1065018059951542532020-05-06T21:35:00.001-07:002020-05-06T21:35:25.718-07:00The Lives of Emily and Charlotte Brontë - 2000 Words Emily and Charlotte Brontà « retained exceptional novels throughout history. Their stories captivate the minds of readers alike, taking them to a world of dark, eerie hatred, and overcoming the obstacle faced with love and devotion. However, both sisters have diverse styles of writing. Charlotte Brontà « tends to use more humor through her works, while Emily Brontà « uses more satire along with a sardonic tone. T hey both come together to have somewhat similar themes, making the moral of the story mentally powerful. Charlotte Brontà «, the eldest in the family, had always been interested in writing. After her mother died, she was left to take care of her other four siblings. She was born on April 21, 1816 in Thornton, Yorkshire, England. Sheâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦One may say, that the theme would be: ââ¬Å"No matter how many struggles one faces, in the end, someone will always be there to love a person, and cherish every moment they have together.â⬠The author tries to epitomize that even though Jane struggled consequently through her entire life, in the end, she had someone to love. Jane herself realizes this in the end of the novel, stating that she never met anyone else who loved her in this quantity, and was willing to spend the rest of his life with her. Her life with Rochester had been pleasant after the ten years of their marriage, and she remembers that they both are equals in their relationship; one is not higher than the other. The author tries to prove that one should not give up hope, even in desperate times, and wait until something better comes along, and when it does, take it, and not let the chance go. The theme of love is stated throughout the novel. Charlotte Brontà « wrote what was known to be ââ¬Å"the tale of the heartââ¬â¢s realisation through another, and of the loss of what seemed to be realizedâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Cambridge History, Jane Eyre, Part Oneâ⬠2). Jane Eyre for the most part, had positive reviews from a udiences, and professors. Such, ââ¬Å"Jane Eyre was a unique Victorian book because in it, whatever the age might think it right to say, it was made plain to the most unwillingly convinced that purity could be passionate and that a woman could read the heartâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Cambridge History, Jane Eyre, Part Oneâ⬠2). Therefore, CharlotteShow MoreRelatedThe Brontà « Family1804 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Brontà « family was full of amazing writers, originating from the father Patrick Brontà «. Patrick strived for his children to be the best writers they could be and hoped they would make a career of writing poems, plays, novels and many others types of literature. Patrick and his wife Maria had six children, five girls and one boy. These five girls took a greater liking to writing literature over their brother, Branwell Brontà «. Since the Brontà « sisters were from this well-known line of Brontà «Read MoreEmily Bronte s Wuthering Heights Essay1220 Words à |à 5 Page sfamily background, the Brontà « sisters have both written novels centered on orphansââ¬â¢ pursuits of love that may have challenged civilized society. Emily Jane Brontà « and Charlotte Brontà « are among the six children born to Reverend Patrick Brontà « and Maria Branwell Brontà « (ââ¬Å"Emily Brontà «Ã¢â¬ ). The loss of their mother and two eldest sisters resulted in different responses between Charlotte and Emily, while Emily became shyer, Charlotte developed a dominant attitude (ââ¬Å"Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â¬ ). Initially unsuccessfulRead MoreThe Life of Charlotte Bronte798 Words à |à 3 Pagesin life that is not imaginable and Charlotte Bronte was one person who went through a lot. Charlotte went through many crises. Her mother died when she was young, and she had to care for her younger siblings. Bronte could not go to school as a young child like everyone else; she had responsibilities. A few years later as she got older sisters died of tuberculosis, and she was left alone. Charlotte Bronte work tells the story of love, life, and death. Charlotte was born at Thorntorn, Yorkshire inRead More Emily Brontes Life and Its Mirror Image in Wuthering Heights745 Words à |à 3 PagesEmily Brontes Life and Its Mirror Image in Wuthering Heightsà à à à à à à As we look to the past for clues to some authors and their works we may find clues to why they may have written some of these great works of art in their own life stories. Life and questions about it may have some effect on what some wordsmiths put to paper. If careful consideration is given to the past life of Emily Bronte the novel Wuthering Heightsà may be seen as somewhat of a mirror of her life. Much of her life isRead MoreEmely Bronte and Wuthering Heights1340 Words à |à 5 PagesIt was a quiet evening in Thornton, United Kingdom, on July 30th, 1818 to be exact, that a legend was born. Emily Jane Brontà «, the fifth of six children, came into existence. (Information found on GradeSaver) Her father, Reverend Patrick Brontà «, grew up as a peasant while her mother, Maria Brontà « Branwell was quite wealthy. The two became a pair and after years of marriage, finally had a family of eight. Though the family was not fully united for long. (page 10, Howard) Their were a heap fullRead MoreGlass Towns and Graveyards: A Biography of Charlotte Brontà « Essays937 Words à |à 4 Pages Brontà « noted that, after discovering a manuscript written by Emily in 1845, her sisters poems were not ââ¬Å"at all like the poetry women generally writeâ⬠and carried ââ¬Å"a peculiar music ââ¬â wild, melancholy, and elevating.â⬠Brontà «, along with her sisters, began using pseudonyms in 1846 with the publication of Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. According to Charlotte, the wide audience believed that these three pseudonyms related to one person; she wrote Biographical Notes on the Pseudonymous BellsRead MoreJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte781 Words à |à 3 PagesThrough her trials and tribulations, Charlotte Bronte has kept her passion for poetry alive and remains as one of the most influential British poets of all times. Even though she is one of the most famous female writers of all times, she is mostly famous for her most po pular novel Jane Eyre. Charlotte Bronte has experienced more tragedy in her life than happiness by losing her mother and all five of her siblings. But, in her moments of tragedy, she expressed her feelings through poetry. As a resultRead MoreCharlotte Brontà «Ã¢â¬â¢S Writing Was Considered Controversial1019 Words à |à 5 PagesCharlotte Brontà «Ã¢â¬â¢s writing was considered controversial because of the position of the main character being opposite of what was represented by women in the time period. Her style of writing was influenced by her life, her loss of several family members and her sisterââ¬â¢s similar styles of writing. Charlotte Brontà « was brought up among terrible conditions, with much loss and change in her lifetime. Charlotte Brontà « was born on April 21, 1816 as the third daughter of Maria Branwell and Reverend PatrickRead MoreJane Eyre Feminist Analysis1066 Words à |à 5 Pagessemi-autobiography by Charlotte Brontà «, is an exemplary novel where an untraditional heroine defies societal normality. The female protagonist Jane Eyre exhibits a self-created drive for personal success and a perpetual ambition to learn, characteristics customary of men. After the publication of Jane Eyre, many critics has viewed it through the feminist literary lenses, claiming it to contain biblical feminism. In the literary analysis ââ¬Å"Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â¬â¢s Religion: Faith, Feminism, and Jane Eyreâ⬠, Emily ReisingerRead MoreEssay on Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights1127 Words à |à 5 PagesEmily Brontes Wuthering Heights à à Often in literature, the fictional written word mimics or mirrors the non-fictional actions of the time. These reflections may be social, historical, biographical, or a combination of these. Through setting, characters, and story line, an author can recreate in linear form on paper some of the abstract concepts and ideas from the world s/he is living in. In the case of Emily Bronte, her novel Wuthering Heights very closely mirrors her own life and the lives Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-89595105500014780332020-05-06T13:43:00.001-07:002020-05-06T13:43:51.263-07:00My Three Most Effective College Study Skills Free Essays College life is a new start for me. I need to change my study skills to adapt the new period of studying. As a college student, I think developing effective study skills is an excellent way to ensure that I can fully enjoy my college life. We will write a custom essay sample on My Three Most Effective College Study Skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now First of all, making a schedule to confirm what things I need to do and put everything in order is a good way for me to improve the learning efficiency. I try to make an ââ¬Å"everyday To-Do listâ⬠and mark important tasks on the calendar, such as preparing presentations, the deadline of essays, and the date of quizzes or examinations. It can help me know class and tasks clearly, and then I can arrange everything under control. When I complete a task, Iââ¬â¢ll tick off it. A small tick always gives me a sense of achievement. Secondly, listening to lecturers carefully in class is the most essential way. I try to take notes to record something important and underline important points in class. And I think giving eye contacts to teachers is a good way to give feedbacks to teachers and help teacher know whether youââ¬â¢ve understood or not. Actually, previewing new knowledge before class can help me understand contents of the class better. Moreover, reviewing knowledge after class; itââ¬â¢s a good way to test whether Iââ¬â¢ve grasped the knowledge or not. Last but not least, participating in extracurricular activities is an important way. Thereââ¬â¢re lots of different kinds of lectures in our college, some lectures can help me open up my mind and enlarge my knowledge, and some lectures can help me relax. And participating in the group work regularly is a good way to develop communication competence and find our own strength and weakness. Meanwhile, society club activities also are a part of the college life. In our leisure time, we can take part in activities to make more friends and relax ourselves. All in all, everyone may have their own way to study well and get higher grades. Anyway, I think these three ways are the most appropriate for me. Someone who knows how to learn efficiently is much better than someone who can get good grades. (366 words) How to cite My Three Most Effective College Study Skills, Essay examples Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-32153211309563677672020-05-06T05:36:00.001-07:002020-05-06T05:36:07.905-07:00Construction Enterprise Architecture Management â⬠MyAssignmenthelp Question: Discuss about the Construction Enterprise Architecture Management. Answer: Introduction: In the current report, a client has approached to investigate Lufthansa Company with the help of PESTEL and Porters five forces framework. For this, a brief overview of the organisation has been carried out describing its mission, values, capabilities, locations and summary of stated performance. In addition, the strengths and weaknesses of Lufthansa have been dissected with the help of financial performance, product or service portfolio and core operations. Finally, the report sheds light on determining the attractiveness of the organisation along with suggesting whether to purchase or sell the shares of the organisation. Lufthansa is an aviation group having global operations in above 400 subsidiaries and associated organisations in Australia, Europe, UK and Asia. The organisation is segregated into five business segments that include the airline and airfreight services, passenger transportation areas, MRO, logistics along with IT services and catering (Lufthansa.com 2017). These segments play leading roles in their sectors and in few cases; they are even the global market leader. It is the largest European airline in terms of fleet size and the second largest airline in terms of passengers carried in 2016. In 2016, Lufthansa has an average of 124,306 members and the turnover of the organisation has been 31,660 million in the same year. As the organisation is involved in competing in the global airline industry, the business segments comprise of logistics, passenger business, overhaul and repair, information technology services and leisure travel. The core values of the organisation primarily include the following: Providing reliable services for air-cargo and passengers and seamless association with the partners enhances the volatile environment Growing profitability along with maintaining a healthy financial structure for enabling investment in developing business, products, fleet and people Commitment to sustainable development along with assuming ecological, social and civic responsibilities Exploiting the growth potential for developing value Adoption of activities in 2011, which would form the group into the Airline Powerhouse of Europe Competitiveness would receive a lasting boost Combination of financial strategy with sound foundations for financial flexibility Comprehensive and targeted analysis of the external environment of Lufthansa and its industry: In order to evaluate the external environment of Lufthansa, PESTEL analysis has been carried out, which is depicted as follows: There is deregulation in the global transport industries, which has helped the organisation in carrying out its business operations in an effective fashion (Albers et al. 2017). In addition, it obtains fuel subsidies from the German government and due to this, Lufthansa has managed to minimise its operating expenses in the home nation. However, it has failed to receive subsidies from the cross-border nations. As a result, the group has not succeeded in minimising its operational expenditures in those nations. However, the government is involved in fare range regulation along with apportioning usable routes for carriers to control the competition. For risk control, there is need for the governmental need to the tourists or immigrants. Moreover, there are few constraints in relation to adherence of the governmental policies. For instance, the UK government has passed a pledge to minimise carbon emissions by 60%, which is depicted in the UK Climate Change Bill. Furthermore, according to the EU Emission Trading Scheme, 1 kilogram of jet fuel is equivalent to 3.15 kilogram of carbon dioxide (Amir, Auzair and Amiruddin 2016). Thus, Lufthansa is compelled to reduce the utilisation of jet fuel in conducting its aviation-related operations. The first economic factor affecting the business operations of Lufthansa is the gross domestic production (GDP). This is because poor economy results in lower business travel. Most of the organisations in the airline industry reduce the costs on non-essential travel (Bergh et al. 2017). Hence, Lufthansa might need to modify the meetings to conference calls. The second factor includes the risk of inflation rate in EMEA/US, in which the tendency of the individuals would be low at the time of high rate of inflation in the nation. Another factor influencing the business operations of Lufthansa is the bilateral trade agreements in EMEA, and US as they enhance the travelling frequency of the businesspersons around the world. Finally, the rise in global prices has increased the overall operating expenses of Lufthansa. The figure below depicts the figure in relation to change in source of economic growth (Asia) and currency power (Euro v USD). The demographic change is one of the socio-cultural factors, in which the grey market development spends more on travelling and leisure. This is because of the changes in the preferences, lifestyles and fashions of the customers, since they need opportunities for visiting interesting, new and long haul destinations (Bromiley, Rau and McShane 2014). Along with this, the rising popularity of the holidays abroad has resulted in a boom for travelling demand. Moreover, there is a change in the perception of air travel in the minds of the consumers. This is because low cost revolution throughout Europe available to the greater public, There is rise in air travel, since the individuals not considering to travel by air now have the opportunity to travel. The growth of ageing population in Europe has considerable effect on the business income of Lufthansa, as these individuals have greater disposable income to spend. Finally, the greater number of commuters and the demand for lower cost carri ers depict change in attitude about the tour operators and travel agencies. As a result, this leads to image problems for the organisations providing greater service cost. With the rising advancements in technology, the direct customers in the global airline industry prefer worldwide access. The goal of Lufthansa is to regain the control of the customers. However, it is to be borne in mind that it is not possible for any organisation to own customers in the existing business environment (Carroll, Primo and Richter 2016). The airlines could leverage the same technology for gaining access to their wants and needs, the desired services and change based on willingness and paying ability despite the empowerment of the customers with the help of technology. The development of computer reservation systems has lead to competition in online travel agencies with improvement in site functionality and usability. In addition, there is flexibility in the booking process and the customers receive alerts or confirmations via SMS and e-mail. Finally, the convenient check-in on cell phone has helped the customers to look at the flight schedules and delays, if any. As identified above, the global governments are laying greater stress on the emission rate of carbon dioxide, due to which Lufthansa has reduced fuel burn and level of noise. For instance, Lufthansa has changed for its green house share contribution on flights, which are back and forth Europe. It has adopted environment friendly measures like use of proper equipment and donations to charitable institutions to increase its social responsibility. In addition, as the airports in Europe are located in metropolitan areas, such strategic location could provide convenience to the customers (Certo et al. 2016). Regulation regarding the level of carbon emission Changes in the employment laws, company laws, tax laws and their regulations in US, Australia and Europe Privatisation of the transport industry or traffic rights in Asian nations The competition laws in Australia have limited the travel fares of Lufthansa in its operating nations (Chen, Delmas and Lieberman 2015) The regulatory changes in EU, for instance, the enhanced call for better customer care have helped in reaching the consumers at a faster rate The regulatory changes in US, for example, the restrictions on gels and liquids past the screening checkpoints impact the customers of the mode of air transport in possession of such products (gels and liquids) The external environment of Lufthansa could be evaluated with the help of Porters five forces framework, which is represented briefly as follows: In terms of global competition, Lufthansa is the biggest in terms of revenue followed by AF-KLM and IAG. On the other hand, Vueling, Turkish and Norwegian Airlines are growing at a faster pace, while in terms of profit, Ryanair is the most profitable in 2016 (Peppard and Ward 2016). Along with this, Turkish and Finnair Airlines have recorded the greatest improvements of percentage point in their margins, while Alitalia, IAG and SAS have experienced an operating loss and decline in operating margin. Air-France KLM and Airberlin have made loss at the operational level; however, they experienced a narrow down of their loss margins. In addition, Lufthansa has entered into partnerships and equity investments by regions (Emirates). Furthermore, the Star Alliance Groups Lufthansa and Air China occupy the first two positions on routes between China and Europe. Thus, based on the above discussion, it could be stated that the threat of competition is medium in the global airline industry. As there is high start-up cost for entering into the global aviation industry, the capital requirement is high. In addition, the capacity of distribution channels is limited, as the existing organisations in the industry are competing to find a space for their products. The new entrants might find it difficult to obtain landing slots and gates at the major hubs. As a result, it might pose difficulties for the new entrants to form flight schedules at attractive times in a day (Eden and Ackermann 2013). The deregulated environment in USA and liberalised environment in Europe might lead to high-risk nature of the industry, which acts as a major impediment to the new entrants. Finally, the load factor has impact on revenue and it is highly vulnerable to economic slowdown (Frynas and Mellahi 2015). The main substitutes that might act as the competitors to the global aviation industry include high-speed train, boats and road. However, in case of long flights, there are no substitutes available in the global market. Despite this, the switching cost for the consumers to the substitute products is low, which might increase their propensity to substitute (Gamble and Thompson 2014). Finally, technologies like videoconferencing and telecommunications are substitutes to avoid visiting abroad nations through flights. However, the threat to substitutes is low. Bargaining power of the buyers: With the growing popularity of internet, there is increase in bargaining power of the purchasers. This is because it has increased the availability for a purchaser of a flight ticket to look for the cheapest fare available between various airlines. As a result, the air travel prices have become transparent and the market liberalisations coupled with lower cost of switching for the purchasers in the market has enabled in pushing down the air travel prices. The income of the consumers, tastes of the consumers, service quality, seasonal fluctuations and the availability of substitutes influence the price elasticity of the global aviation industry. However, the business travellers would maintain their levels of demand even at the time of increase in the air travel prices (Goetsch and Davis 2014). The short distance flights have experienced a dramatic fall in demand when prices rise because of the availability of substitutes. Hence, it could be inferred that the bargaining power of the bu yers in the global aviation industry is high. The fuel prices of aviation turbine comprise of around 80% of the overall operational costs of the airline industry. Moreover, due to the limited number of oil companies, the airlines hardly find any alternative (Grant et al. 2014). The labour like cabin crew, pilots, gate agents and ground personnel has bargaining power due to the labour agreements during industrial regulation leaving them with lower flexibility. This force remains an important influential dynamic in the successful performance of the sector. Along with this, there are only two main manufacturers for big commercial aircraft like Boeing and Airbus. If the airlines place large orders, it might take several years to be delivered. Thus, the bargaining power of the suppliers is high in the industry. Based on the above evaluation, the potential opportunities and challenges that would influence the business operations of Lufthansa include the following: The new lower cost platforms of Lufthansa provide immense growth options, as it has decided to transfer point-to-point European routes, which do not touch its hubs at Munich and Frankfurt to Germanwings. This would move into the long haul market operated on the part of Sun Express, which is a joint venture and Turkish Airlines is a part of this venture (Harrison and John 2013). In addition, the cultural change of Lufthansa is slow; however, it offers enough potential for the organisation. Although the business model of the organisation denotes that it is not sufficiently concentrated on placing its own house in order; however, the formation of new lower cost vehicles has provided some options in fighting with competition. The increasing competition from LCC poses a threat to the Lufthansa Group, since the rivals like Ryonair and Easy Jet are now involved in targeting the higher-level business travellers crucial to legacy airline profitability. Finally, the protectionist instincts of the airline group are the biggest threat to Lufthansa. In addition, the Gulf-based nations receive subsidy from the governments, which promote unfair competition. Such instinct poses a threat to Lufthansa, since it, since it denotes that the mindset is not yet right completely (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). Analysis of the capabilities of Lufthansa along with its key strengths and weaknesses: In the words of Drury (2013), profitability ratios are a group of financial metrics, which are used to evaluate the ability of a business in generating earnings in contrast to its expenditures and other pertinent costs spent during a specific timeframe. For most of these ratios, a higher value is always preferable, since it denotes better profitability position for the organisation. The following profitability ratios for Lufthansa have been taken into consideration for Lufthansa and they are depicted with the help of the following figure: Based on the above figure, it could be stated that the gross margin of Lufthansa has increased from 42.41% in 2014 to 44.97% in 2015 and the trend is inherent further to 45.96% in 2016. The primary reason behind such increase in gross margin is the increasing revenue from EU and Asia, while the cost of sales has started to fall in Australia and the Gulf Nations. In this context, Hubbard, Rice and Galvin (2014) remarked that increasing gross margin denotes better profitability position of the organisation before operational expenditures. Hence, in terms of gross margin, Lufthansa is enjoying a better profitable position in the global market. Along with this, another profitability ratio that has been taken into consideration is the net margin. As laid out by Jenkins and Williamson (2015), net margin is the percentage of profit that an organisation has earned after incurring operating expenses, financing costs and income tax expense. The higher the net margin, the better it is for the organisation. In case of Lufthansa, the net margin of the organisation has increased massively from 0.18% in 2014 to 5.30% in 2015 and it has increased further to 5.67% in 2016. The possible reason behind such increase is the massive increase in other income despite the operating loss suffered in 2015. Thus, in terms of net margin, Lufthansa is enjoying a better and profitable position in the global aviation industry. Furthermore, another profitability ratio that has been taken into consideration for evaluating the profitability position of Lufthansa is the return on capital employed (ROCE). In the words of Gans and Ryall (2017), ROCE depicts the percentage of profit each dollar of employed capital generates. In case of Lufthansa, ROCE has been negative both in 2014 and 2015; however, it has shifted towards the positive trend in 2016. The reason behind the negative ROCE in two years is due to operating loss from increased sales, general and administrative expenses. However, with the fall in such expenses in 2016, it has resulted in positive ROCE for Lufthansa and hence, it has generated sufficient amount with its invested capital. Thus, based on the above findings, it could be inferred that in terms of profitability position, Lufthansa is enjoying a better and favourable position in the global aviation industry. The liquidity ratios gauge the ability of an organisation to incur debt obligations and safety margin through the computation of metrics like current ratio and quick ratio. Comparing the past timeframes to the current operations allows the analysts to identify changes in the business (Lumley and Gergely 2015). The following liquidity ratios for Lufthansa have been taken into consideration for Lufthansa and they are depicted with the help of the following figure: According to the above figure, it could be observed that the current ratio of Lufthansa has increased from 0.75 in 2014 to 0.72 in 2015 and the increase is inherent further to 0.93 in 2016. However, the standard current ratio in the aviation industry is considered as 2 (Martin 2014). The possible reason behind such low ratio is the increase in account payables in contrast to cash availability of the organisation. As a result, the organisation has struggled to meet off its existing obligations with the available short-term asset base. On the other hand, quick ratio is similar to current ratio; however, it excludes inventories from current assets. The standard quick ratio in the global aviation industry is considered as 1 (Morden 2016). In this case, the quick ratio of the organisation has fallen from 0.69 in 2014 to 0.66 in 2015; however, it has increased to 0.85 in 2016. This denotes that the ratio is near the industrial standard, which signifies average liquidity position of the organisation in the market. The efficiency ratios are used typically to evaluate the way an organisation uses it assets and liabilities internally. These are used to gauge the short-term or current performance of the organisation (Potts and Ankrah 2014). The following efficiency ratios for Lufthansa have been taken into consideration for Lufthansa and they are depicted with the help of the following figure: The above figure clearly signifies that the payables turnover of Lufthansa has increased from 48.94 days in 2014 to 98.10 days in 2015 and it has increased further to 101.72 days in 2016. The higher the payables turnover in terms of days, the better it is for the organisation in retaining higher cash in hand (Morschett, Schramm-Klein and Zentes 2015). The brand image of the airline group in the global market has resulted in winning the trust and beliefs of the creditors, due to which the organisation has managed to extend its credit terms. On the other hand, the inventory turnover of Lufthansa has increased from 14.16 days in 2014 to 15.12 days in 2015 and the increase is inherent further in 2016 to 16.82 days in 2016. This denotes that there is slight fall in demand in the global market due to the presence of increasing number of competitors in the global market. However, based on the above evaluation, it could be stated that the organisation has stable efficiency position in the gl obal aviation industry. In the words of Rothaermel (2015), the solvency ratios are a key metric used to gauge the ability of an organisation to meet debt and other obligations. The following solvency ratios for Lufthansa have been taken into consideration for Lufthansa and they are depicted with the help of the following figure: In accordance with the above figure, it could be stated that Lufthansa has debt-to-equity ratio of 3.91 in 2014, which has fallen to 2.47 in 2015. The fall is inherent in 2016 to 2.36, which denotes that the airline group has focused massively on raising funds through debt instead of equity financing. On the other hand, the times interest earned ratio has increased massively in 2016, which signify that the organisation has adequate capability to meet its interest expense with the operating income. Thus, Lufthansa has increased debt burden questioning its solvency position; however, the operating income is greater. The strengths and weaknesses of Lufthansa in terms of its service portfolio and operations are depicted briefly as follows: Strengths: As it provides diversified range of operations, it is the leading aviation group in the global market It has formed sustainability and security program for driving sustainable growth The opening of new fleets and partnerships with other aviation group has increased the operating efficacy of the organisation Weaknesses: Employee strikes and disputes over wages influence business operations (Seuring and Goldbach 2013). The adaptation challenge to the staffs to the business evolution Evaluation of the current strategies of Lufthansa for long-term: Since the competition of LCC is for short haul, the competition in long haul sectors from the large three Gulf carriers like Qatar Airways, Emirates and Etihad and the star alliance power of Lufthansa, the Turkish Airlines would continue to stay. For instance, the Indian network of Lufthansa delivers significant feed through market via Frankfurt into the network of US however, the extensive India networks of Gulf-based airlines is obtaining an increasing share of this traffic via its own hubs. The national airlines within the organisation are operating as separate brands, each having its own fleet, labour structure and operations. The fuel prices of aviation turbine comprise of around 80% of the overall operational costs of the airline industry. Moreover, due to the limited number of oil companies, the airlines hardly find any alternative (Grant et al. 2014). The labour like cabin crew, pilots, gate agents and ground personnel has bargaining power due to the labour agreements during industrial regulation leaving them with lower flexibility. This force remains an important influential dynamic in the successful performance of the sector. Along with this, there are only two main manufacturers for big commercial aircraft like Boeing and Airbus. If the airlines place large orders, it might take several years to be delivered. Thus, the bargaining power of the suppliers is high in the industry. Conclusion: Based on the above evaluation, it could be stated that there is deregulation in the global transport industries, which has helped the organisation in carrying out its business operations in an effective fashion. In addition, it obtains fuel subsidies from the German government and due to this, Lufthansa has managed to minimise its operating expenses in the home nation. However, it has failed to receive subsidies from the cross-border nations. The increasing competition from LCC poses a threat to the Lufthansa Group, since the rivals like Ryonair and Easy Jet are now involved in targeting the higher-level business travellers crucial to legacy airline profitability. Finally, the protectionist instincts of the airline group are the biggest threat to Lufthansa. In addition, the Gulf-based nations receive subsidy from the governments, which promote unfair competition. In terms of profitability position, Lufthansa is enjoying a better and favourable position in the global aviation industry. However, there is slight fall in demand in the global market due to the presence of increasing number of competitors in the global market. 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Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-726391407229226132020-05-04T16:33:00.001-07:002020-05-04T16:33:03.590-07:00Overview Of The Dengue Fever The Residents In Northern And Southern Au Question: Discuss about the Overview Of The Dengue Fever The Residents In Northern And Southern Australia. Answer: Introduction The severe dengue fever is spreading in more than 50 countries all over the world. In certain part of Australia many residents are affected from dengue and it will create large burden on the health care department of the country. The major aim of this research is to offer the various suggestions to the department of Public Health to recover from this severe epidemic. This will help the government to identify various options available for prevention and effective control management techniques. It is considered as a most transmitted disease so, different aspect will be find out such as natural history, case management and diagnosis techniques and future research opportunities. Statement of issue This report provides detailed discussion on what is the role of Department of Health of Australia to prevent from severe Dengue fever. What are necessary steps taken by the government to implement the effective research methodology to find vaccination against severe dengue and Who should take responsibility to prevent whole country from this severe epidemic. All of the residents of Australia is waiting for when should this severe dengue fever will be eliminated from the state and when will specific treatment and immunization available to all. Background of the Dengue fever and public health Dengue is considered as one of the most transmitted disease which has spread due to the Aedes mosquitoes in whole world. In tropical and sub tropical regions of the world it was first recognized in 1879 in Queensland in Australia (Williams et al. 2014). Now it has affected millions of people every year worldwide and especially in northern region of Australia where tropical climates prevail. Due to this epidemic, severe illness is occurring among children and death rate is increasing in some Australian countries. In Northern territory of Australia more than 400 cases have been identified related to dengue fever from 2003 to till now. Approximately, 3 billion people are residing in tropical areas where dengue is highly transmitted. Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is more severe illness which had same symptoms like as dengue and generally found in children below the age of 14 years. From 1995 to 2011, about 90% of the cases were related to dengue in the areas of Queensland and specially in the Cairns and Hinterland district. From the total cases of 90% of dengue about 50% of the people were male of the average age 40 years old. 200000 cases were identified by the World Health Organization in the year 2011 which were related to the severe dengue fever. Rate of severe dengue fever is 10 times more than that other countries affected from dengue. Many health department experts estimated that dengue will rise in future in Australia as well in other geographical areas in the world. Many of the drugs were not used by the patients because it could have negative impact on the body such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and Asirin etc. Mainly dengue was observed in the travelers of the age groups 30-50 years old in the Australia. Dengue deaths are varying from year to year but mostly transmitted in the season of autumn and summer. Department of Health is continuously conducting surveys for finding about the mosquito infected population present in Northern territory (Yixin et al. 2014). There is no certain vaccine or treatment found by the Health department. General treatment for this is paracetamol medicine, oral fluids for getting relief from fever and body pain. Due to the lack of proper treatment against dengue fever it is reduced to only 1 % till now. From the research it was found that dengue fever is transmitted by only female mosquito and they generally found in cool places where water is stored and outdoor places where garbage is kept mostly in daylight hours (Lindsay et al. 2015). It can develop in the old tyres, carriage of pot plant saucers and rain field vessels and can be transmitted to one place to another place. For the purpose of inventing specific vaccination against dengue, World Health Organization provides guidance and technical advice and support to countries, private institutions for rese arch and evaluation. If proper prevention and treatment will not be available then dengue will rapidly spread in the future in whole world. Pre-existing policies/activity Queensland is the only area in the Australia where the dengue has prevailed. The transmission of dengue reduced to a very large extent in the season of summer or dry season. The report of World Health Organisation reveals that the burden of this disease could be increase due to the continuous change in the climatic effect of the whole environment (Hoad et al, 2015). In the areas where the probability of occurrence of dengue is high, a regular and frequent survey is required to conduct in those areas. Areas of vector where the density of population is high, the population should tries to enforce the regular conduction of surveys and reducing the sources of dengue. Drawing out programmes and photographs that shows potential day-biting can be done with the help of using social medias and promotional campaigns (Naish et al., 2014). In the annual report of NAMAC, all the information relating to the diseases borne by mosquitoes, and the activities that are taken in order to control this di sease is presented. The government has established several policies in order to prevent and control the negative effects of dengue in the country. The government has officially established taskforce and committee between different departments for the purpose of supervising the area, preventing and controlling the diseases that are spread by mosquitoes. This taskforce includes authorities relating to public health, representatives of laboratory and Medical Entomology. Activities done by human and vector supervision are coordinated using the methods of surveillance of cross-border. The capacities of laboratory and exchange of resources are also coordinated. Several types of portals are used for the purpose of communication in order to provide response to various events (Rounsevell et al., 2014). Several management plans including the assignment of roles and responsibilities, allocating funds in order to investigate and respond are designed. In order to develop coordination between different ecological res earch priorities, humans and vector, several methods are applied. In the areas where dengue is highly receptive, urgent and punctual occurrences and controlling activities for mosquito disease should be done. Along with this, contact addresses should be identified by analysing travelling history. The basic purpose of this is to exterminate the disease causing virus through the measure of killing the infection causing adult females within the demographic radii of 200 metres (Musso et al., 2014). This is the extent of distance up to a female mosquito can fly. Urbanisation, blood feeding and harbouring within the premises are some of the attributes that are found in vectors of primary dengue. Therefore, synthetic pyrethroid insecticides like bifenthrin and deltamethrin should be used for the purpose of spraying at indoor residential areas can be used as a measure of control for dengue. Sometimes, the ultra low volume or thermal foggers cannot be seen effective in case of truck mounted outdoor areas. Regulators for insect growth can be used for the tre atment of containers that are filled with containers. In large outbreaks, removing or tipping out the containers cannot be seen effective because these factors are not affecting in addressing the breeding sites which are mysterious or rainwater tanks. The Dengue Management Plan also focuses on the outlining of the strategies of vector control for the origination source in opposition to outbreaks of large widespread. Rapidness in spreading the dengue makes it more critical to cure. Lacking in presenting the case or diagnosing and delaying in notifications will lead in explosive out breaking. Transmitting the risk of dengue of central and southern Queensland seems difficult due to the reason of vector population has lacked in many areas. Considerations There are various possible courses of action that could be taken by Department of Health to reduce the impact of severe dengue on the residents of Australia. Major principle behind the prevention and control measures is to develop proper case management strategy with present health system, harmonize prevention, examination or epidemiological such that they are ecologically sound, cost-effective and sustainable for future (Diamond and Pierson 2015). For successful implementation of the prevention measures allocation and mobilization of resources is also essential. Diagnosis of Dengue and Case management: Appropriate implementation of clinical management helps in reducing death rate caused due to severe dengue fever up to zero level. Effective implementation includes new methods of staff training, early clinical and laboratory diagnosis, and hospital restructuring and intravenous rehydration. The main advantage of this technique is helpful in reducing the death rate due to dengue up to 60%. Government should help in adopting new technology which can provide effective and fast diagnosis of cases offered by accurate differential techniques, timely response to severe disease and quick laboratory assessment. It requires fund and assistance by government to the Health department (Gubler et al. 2014). Main disadvantage is it requires huge cost to implement new methodologies in whole country. Main advantages of this are Effective clinical management system and well organized response of staff helps in reducing the number of avoidable hospital admissions and also saves the life of patients from severe dengue (Nguyen et al. 2015). Early warning of dengue infected patient is necessary to control and helps in taking prevention measures of dengue at primary stage. Effective management training is very important in cases of severe dengue for all medical and non-medical staff which helps to recover the patient from initial stage of disease (Sung et al. 2016). Sustainable Vector Control of Severe Dengue: Department of Public Heath should adopt the integrated vector management approach which is promoted by World Health Organization to vector control of dengue. Sustainable vector control means the optimum use of resources and insecticides provided by the department for vector control which is helpful in cost effectiveness and adaptable according to environment. The primary vector of dengue is Aedes aegypti mosquito. It has developed to feed, mate, and lay eggs in surroundings (Huang et al. 2016). Generally, the Aedes aegypti mosquito remains active at the time of early morning period and in the evening period. So this approached is started mainly for the abolition of containers that are favorable places for ovipositor and put covers on containers or with the help of insecticides killing all the mosquitoes. Government should help in spraying of insecticides against malaria viruses and to develop innovative vector tools such as spatial repellents, spatial repellents, genetically modified mosquitoes and lethal ovitraps (Leary, 2013). Reliable surveillance methods of vector control and techniques of virus transmission help in dengue prevention for long term (Naish et al. 2014). The main advantage of effective vector control management is helpful in reduction of mortality rate due to dengue. The main purpose of vector control measures is to overcome the transmission of dengue and reducing the occurrence of infection and avoiding outbreaks of the disease. Implementation of Future Vaccine: There is no certain treatment available to recover from severe dengue fever. So, Department of Public Health should provide assistance and guidelines to manufactures and regulatory agencies on development and evaluation of vaccine for severe dengue (Cao-Lormeau et al. 2016). Guidelines should be related to the safety, quality and usefulness of dengue vaccines and issues related to manufacturing and quality control also covered. For proper implementation of vaccine, integration of various factors should be considered such as storage, financing, supplying and effective transportation for easy delivery. Vaccines should not have any side effects and should be integrated with other measures of prevention and control of dengue. Effective development strategies for vaccination should include the selection of target populations and target area which is highly infected from dengue fever (Low et al. 2014). Efficient delivery approaches, campaigns by government, routine checkup and proper sched ule for vaccination and overall implementation of future vaccine should cover the whole population. The main advantage of implementation of future vaccine is to reduce the overall mortality rate and help to reduce the severe impact of dengue (Stoler et al. 2014). It will helpful in bringing a confidence level among residence of Australia that government is implementing vaccination programs. Recommendations There are several measures which help in preventing and curing dengue. All the persons who used to travel from one place to another are required to use personal protective measures in order to reduce the risk of getting day biting mosquitoes (Webba and Hessac, 2016). It is recommended to stay in a well conditioned area or proper clothes should wear that result in reducing the extent of exposure of skin. Along with it, it is also recommended to use insect repellents on the skin that has remains uncovered. Insect repellents that comprise of diethyl-methyltoluamide can be considered as the most effective source. The extent of concentration level of DEET differs from product to product. Higher the composition of DEET signifies the higher degree of protection for a longer period of time from dengue. In some of the cases, using the sprays that are highly concentrated with DEET may negatively affect the children. So it is very much essential to apply DEET sparingly to the surface of exposur e and it should be washed off after the persons indoors. Using the insecticide which has concentrated level of DEET up to 35% can prevent the mosquitoes for 4-6 hours (Leung et al., 2015). On the other hand, the insecticides having the concentration level of DEET up to 95% can protect from dengue for around 10to 12 hours. New formulas are also searching and designed which contains lower level of concentration of DEET and has a potential of preventing dengue for long time. Still, there is no proper vaccination system has evolved for preventing dengue. Serology is the common method which is used to identify the infection of dengue virus in the body. This serology is also based on the laboratory confirmation. Diagnosing using the method of serology generally does not allow the serotyping of virus infection and is suspicious in terms of cross reactivity with different viruses. Various types of samples are required in order to do the procedure of serology. No specified viral treatment has been developed for curing the dengue. It can be cured using the method of clinical management that is also based on various supportive therapies and basically well-judged supervision of intravascular volume replacement. With the improvements in managing the case, the fatality rate of hospitalising illness of dengue has been reduced to a good extent (Walter et al., 2014). There is only single approach present for controlling and preventing the transmission of virus of dengue was going through the intervening for targeting the vector until the proper vaccine of dengue gets developed. For this purpose, integrated vector management is recommended by World Health Organisation. Many researchers have shown that reduction in entomological indicators follows different forms of vector control (Gyawali et al., 2016). A scantiness of data has shown effect of this interference of incidences of dengue illness. There are several strategies that aim at preventing mosquitoes from lying eggs, using interferences of environment management which constitutes the disposal of solid waste, removing artificially man-made mosquitos habitats, removing the impurities of containers used for storing the water on regular basis. Proper pesticides should be applied to water storage containers. Participation of community should be improved and sustained vector controlling should be m obilized. Insecticides should be applied using the method of sprays can be treated as an emergency measure of vector control. Many of the dengue vaccines are ready to possess in laboratories. CYD-TDV is a name of prophylactic, tetravalent and viral vaccine (Heywood et al., 2016). It is available in both type of single and multiple of dose. It is provided in the form of pre-filled syringe for the use of single dose or in the form of multi dose presentation. It does not contain any type of preservatives or adjuvant. Conclusion: On the basis of overall research, it can be analyzed that dengue is one of the major global health issues which affected approximately more than 3 billion people all over the word. This severe dengue fever is caused due the virus and mosquitos bite which develops in the wastage and open water containers (Schwartz et al. 2015). There is no certain treatment available to recover from severe dengue fever so government is taking various steps to overcome the impact of dengue. Different measures can be taken by Government of Australia such as effective case management techniques, vector control measures and research for future vaccination. 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[Online] Available at: https://forums.phoenixrising.me/index.php?threads/cfs-me-starts-most-often-age-10-19-30-39-norwegian-population-study.32890/page-2 (Accessed at: 13 September, 2017) Stoler, J., al Dashti, R., Anto, F., Fobil, J.N. and Awandare, G.A., 2014, Deconstructing malaria: West Africa as the next front for dengue fever surveillance and control,Acta tropica,134, pp. 58-65, doi: 0001706X14000631 Sung, C., Wei, Y., Watanabe, S., Lee, H.S., Khoo, Y.M., Fan, L., Rathore, A.P., Chan, K.W.K., Choy, M.M., Kamaraj, U.S. and Sessions, O.M., 2016, Extended evaluation of virological, immunological and pharmacokinetic endpoints of CELADEN: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of celgosivir in dengue fever patients,PLoS neglected tropical diseases,10(8), p.e 0004851, doi: 10.1371/0004851 Walter, T., Stevens, P., Verhoeven, A. and Boxall, A.M., 2014, title Impacts of climate change on public health in Australia: Recommendations for new policies and practices for adaptation within the public health sector, https://ahha.asn.au/.../publications/deeble_issues_brief_no_7_walter_t_et_al_impacts_... 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Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-33587358994959693872020-04-14T20:55:00.001-07:002020-04-14T20:55:05.168-07:00Sample of Literature Essay With Thesis StatementSample of Literature Essay With Thesis StatementThe sample of literature essay with thesis statement is a type of essay that many students will be required to take in order to graduate from high school. Usually, this type of essay has three parts. First is the opening section where the writer will talk about the topic of the essay. Then, there is a thesis statement that must be completed to complete the whole essay.The thesis statement is a statement given by the writer that states why he/she wrote the piece. For example, if the writer is writing an essay about fairies, the statement would state that fairies exist. In fact, if the writer wrote the piece in order to prove that fairy exist, the statement could state that fairies are real and not imaginary.The topic of the paper must also be discussed. For example, if the topic is about people who suffer from acne, then it would be written to state that people suffer from acne. The topic will also be discussed in the sample of literatur e essay with thesis statement.After that, the writer will write his/her general topic. General topics are a part of an essay and it is what will represent the whole essay as a whole. For example, if the topic is about fairies, the general topic would state that fairies exist and people suffer from acne because of them.Writing the thesis statement is just one part of the writing process. It is very important to get all of the materials together before beginning to write the paper. One way to do this is to create a list of all of the writing materials that you will need before starting to write the paper. This can include essay desks, writing papers, pen and pencils, writing paper, computer paper, index cards, and dictionaries.Writing the thesis statement is just a starting point for the student to start writing. It does not go into any type of detail. It simply states the main idea of the essay. After the writing statement, the writer will write the first paragraph. After the first p aragraph, he/she will begin to write a short conclusion.The next stage will usually start with the student to sit down and get a 'drill' or pattern or a structure that they want their essay to follow. This will help the student to break up the writing and make it easier for him/her to follow. Once the essay is finished, it is ready to be printed. There are several types of printing and this will be determined by the type of paper used and the size of the paper.Finally, after the writing process is done, the student will submit the essay for review. A committee of teachers, parents, and other student may not agree on the overall structure of the paper. Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-45785198228849590032020-03-29T20:32:00.001-07:002020-03-29T20:32:02.305-07:00Critical Writing A Critical Comparison of Two ReadingsArmando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-62361801600780957652020-03-07T09:58:00.001-08:002020-03-07T09:58:03.939-08:00The Commonly Confused Words Rapped, Rapt, and WrappedThe Commonly Confused Words Rapped, Rapt, and Wrapped The words rapped,à rapt,à and wrapped are homophones: they sound alike but have different meanings. Definitions Rapped is the past tense of the verb rap. Rap means to knock, hit suddenly, or criticize sharply. The verb rap also means to talk freely and openly or to perform the highly rhythmic type of popular music known as rapà (noun)à or hip hop. The adjective rapt means receiving (someones) full attention, being wholly absorbed (in something), or being carried away (with emotion). Wrapped is the past tense of the verb wrap, which means to cover, enclose, or bundle. The phrasal verb wrapped up means to be involved or obsessed with someone or something. Examples After a few shots, Muholi removed the fruit basket from her head and sat down at the kitchen table to load the images into Photoshop. She rapped her knuckles on the table while she waited, fretting out loud that the concept wouldnt work.(Jenna Wortham, Zanele Muholis Transformation. The New York Times Magazine, October 8, 2015)Drakeââ¬â¢s ascendance happened so instantly it felt effortless, achieved without struggle, almost to the point of seeming unearned. In Thank Me Now, he rapped about how he can relate to kids going straight to the leaguea reference to high-school players so talented they skip college basketball and go straight to the NBA.(Simon Reynolds, How Drake Became the All-Pervading Master of Hyper-Reality Rap. The Guardian [UK], April 28, 2016)The miners were rescued in front of the worlds media and a billion rapt viewers.Jacqueline turned to the waiter and rattled off a sentence in German which brought to Charless eyes a look ofà rapt admiration; and the waiter, ev idently understanding quite easily what she had said, turned and hurried away.(Edgar Wallace, The Mouthpiece, 1935)à There had always been a shoebox on top of the stove full of baby squirrels rescued from a fallen pine, tenderly wrapped in flannel and bottle-fed into independence.(Pam Durban, Soon. The Southern Review, 1997)She was a fanatic about cleanliness and put out her little bit of garbage wrapped very neatly in yesterdays Christian Science Monitor and tied in a bow with a fresh piece of string.(James Alan McPherson, Gold Coast. The Atlantic Monthly, 1969) Usage Notes You might have rapped Tommy on the knuckles during his maths class in order to direct his attention to quadratic equations. Clearly the word rapped is the past tense of the verb to rap. If you are rapt, you are in a state of unearthly wonderment. It is a state induced by listening to great music, having a religious revelation, or being absorbed by your charismatic lecturer discoursing on the philosophy of Plato. There are also stories of being rapt and in that state being transported from one place to another without any tangible means. Something that is wrapped is something that is securely covered and possibly tied up in a convenient shape for transport or handing over to someone else.(David Rothwell, Dictionary of Homonyms. Wordsworth, 2007) Practice (a) The students listened to the guest speaker with _____ attention.(b) The man who sat in the wagon that moved slowly up the road wore an old quilt _____ around his shoulders and a corduroy cap pulled down over his eyes.(Robert Penn Warren, Christmas Gift. The Virginia Quarterly Review, 1938)à (c) Agatha got out of her car and marched up to the Ford and _____à on the window. The sallow-faced youth opened the window and demanded, Wot?(M.C. Beaton, As the Pig Turns. Thorndike, 2011) Answers to Practice Exercises: Rapped, Rapt, and Wrapped (a) The students listened to the guest speaker withà raptà attention.(b) The man who sat in the wagon that moved slowly up the road wore an old quiltà wrappedà around his shoulders and a corduroy cap pulled down over his eyes.(Robert Penn Warren, Christmas Gift.à The Virginia Quarterly Review, 1938)à (c) Agatha got out of her car and marched up to the Ford andà rappedà on the window.à The sallow-faced youth opened the window and demanded, Wot?(M.C. Beaton,à As the Pig Turns. Thorndike, 2011) Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-27877260661390499872020-02-20T01:24:00.001-08:002020-02-20T01:24:02.554-08:00The market entry strategies for a Logistics firm based in Germany EssayThe market entry strategies for a Logistics firm based in Germany - Essay Example Exporting involves marketing and sales of products which are produced domestically but send to other countries for sales. This is a very traditional method which helps in selling and earning revenue of those products which can be produced in adequate amount in the country. As in exporting the goods are produced in the home country, so the investments related to foreign production are not required (Hisrich 198). In case of exporting, most of the expenses are incurred for marketing. Exports are of two types: a) direct export, and b) indirect export. Direct exports works best when the volume of goods to be exported is small. It involves direct sales of goods to other countries without any intermediaries. While in case of indirect export the export takes place through intermediaries. Control over the product does not remain with the exporter (McDonald, Burton, and Dowling 208; Kotabe, and Helsen 299). Advantages 1. The foreign market and the representatives can be chosen. 2. The trademark, goodwill, patent rights can be protected. 3. Rate of sales is higher. Disadvantages 1. The start-up cost is higher and the risk is also higher. 2. Requirement of information is also higher in case of exports. 3. Marketing the products requires longer time. Licensing Licensing agreements developed by the firm allows the foreign firm to either develop or market the product of the company for a specific time period. In this case, the licensor is the home country provides limited resources and rights to the licensee to the host country. These rights include managerial skills, patents, technology or trademarks for making it possible for the host country to manufacture or market the products (Doing Business Internationally 13). The licensor may take onetime payment, royalty payments, or technology fees. Since this is considered as the mode of entry, so the transference of information in between the licensee and the licensor is strong and the decision of developing the license also strongly depends on the government of the home and host countryââ¬â¢s governments (Hoskisson 282; Kotabe, and Helsen 301). Advantages 1. Achieve additional revenue for technical knowledge and services. 2. Can be expanded rapidly as not much risks involved. Disadvantages Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-65911518769027422622020-02-04T15:01:00.001-08:002020-02-04T15:01:03.636-08:00Marriage versus living together Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsMarriage versus living together - Essay Example 14). There are those who argue that recent research concerning various aspects of interpersonal relations in romantic couples is based on married couples. Individuals who merely cohabitate are not likely to be as effected by the ââ¬Å"increasing emphasis on the role of cognitive factors in marital functioningâ⬠(Baucom et al, p. 209) References Barich, Bielby, Rachel R., Denise D. "Rethinking Marriage: Change and Stability in Expectations 1967-1994."à Journal of Family Issuesà 17.2 (1996): 139-169. Web. 25 May 2011. . Baucom, Epstein, Daiuto, Carels, Rankin, Burnett, Donald H., Norman, Anthony D., Robert A., Lynn A., Charles K. "Cognitions in Marriage: The Relationship Between Standards and Attributions."Journal of Family Psychology. 10.2 (1996): 209-222. Print. Glick, Paul. "Marriage, Divorce, and Living Arragements."à Journal of Family Issuesà 5.1 (1984): 7-26. Web. 23 May 2011. . Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-49189128268395520662020-01-27T11:25:00.001-08:002020-01-27T11:25:04.697-08:00The Importance Of Recruitment And Selection Business EssayThe Importance Of Recruitment And Selection Business Essay The following chapter critically reviews relevant literature on the nature of recruitment and selection. This is based on the understanding that there is a key difference between recruitment and selection. The key differences highlighted in the literature are therefore discussed firstly. Reasons why organisations recruit staff are then considered, focusing on why the banking sector has a particular interest. Factors impacting on recruitment and selection are analysed. Recruitment and selection methods are then evaluated. At the end of this chapter, a brief conclusion of the above is concluding whether there are any best practices available for organisations to ensure a good recruitment and selection process. Differences between recruitment and selection In the literature differences between recruitment and selection are identified, though they are the components of one system. For example Taylor (2008) highlights that recruitment is used to attract well qualified applicants. Similarly Pilbeam and Corbridge (2002) state recruitment aims to attract suitably qualified candidates for particular positions. It is the phase directly before selection. Moreover Stredwick (2006) describes recruitment policy as an organisations performance manner, including rules and regulations to be followed. On the contrary, Taylor (2008) indicates that in selection, employer picks out the best and rejects the others from recruitment pool, also known as negative activity. Similarly Edenborough (2005) states selection as a combination of different processes which lead towards the choices of suitable candidates over others. From the above, it can be synthesised that recruitment is basically an attraction of the candidates for the available post, however in selection employer chooses the best available candidate for the post. Nature of recruitment In nature of recruitment, the reasons why organisations recruit staff are discussed. Firstly, an organisation recruits because of an increase in the business volume, which requires more skilful staff to meet the needs and demands of customer. According to the Heraty et al. (1997), that organisations are altered their structures that are built on functions and jobs, to empower individuals with diverse backgrounds, are replacing conventional specialised workers. Secondly, an organisation recruits because it needs a replacement for a leaver or entirely new vacancy occours. Sometimes recruitment is just because of the short of knowledge and pair of hands in an organisation. The empty space is necessary to be filled and it is purely a functional matter. Thirdly, staff turnover is the reason of recruitment in an organisation. Employee turnover is the rate at which an employer gains and loses employees. In other words, it means that how long employees be likely to stay in the organisation. Employee turnover is calculated for individual companies and for their industry as a whole. If an organisation acheives high turnover relative to its competitors, shows that its employees have a shorter average tenure than other organisations. The productivity of an organisation suffers, if there is high turnover because of high number of begainer employees. If the resourcing process of an organisation is not validate to employee right people for the right posts then there is a tendency of people leaving the organisation more often than competitors. It puts very bad impact on business operations because the number of important positions are oftenly empty which delays the completion of operations as well as the new employee takes some time to adjust and thus creates some more problems for organisation. Also organisation invests a huge amount of cost in recrutment process and because of the wrong resourcing policy or wrong selection tool organisation losse it all. It creates the unconsistancy amongst the staff and customers behaviour as well and ultimately effects profit of the organisation. Nothing can be more frustrating to a small business owner or manager than the constant aggravation of employee turnover. High or low employee turnover can be detrimental for organisations. Employee turnover can vary as a result of the industry and location of organisation. For instance, the food service industry typically experiences turnover of 100-300%. The stress of employee turnover is much greater on smaller businesses than larger corporations. There is a valid formula designed for calculation of employee turnover used by many banks all over the world. Total employee turnover cost = Costs of hiring new employees + Costs of training new employees Factors impacting on recruitment and selection There are some following factors impacting on the recruitment selection for an organisations decision making. Economic: The salary packages offered by the organisations to its employees are sometimes resulting in the staff expectations, which create difficulties for organisations. Sometimes the location of an organisation is also contributes to the difficulties in attracting skilled and experience applicants. Conversely, Gribben (1999), state that organisations are cutting back on recruitment despite growing confidence of economy. Demographic: Demographic factors are the most important factors affecting on the recruitment. These factors state (Linda, 2001) that in future the number of older people is increasing and younger people is decreasing. If so, there will be shortage of young skilled workers in future and organisations have to recruit multi-skilled employees and work hard to retain their employees. Social: Linda (2001), states that the appropriate candidate availability can be influenced because of the social blend of the labour group, which probably limit the types of skills required. Various government regulations prohibiting discrimination in hiring and employment have direct impact on recruitment practices. Also, trade unions play important role in recruitment. This restricts management freedom to select those individuals who it believes would be the best performers. However, the recruiters need to be able to understand the process, skills and able to take a systematic approach for the successful process. Recruitment methods The business scenario and job vacancy shows how the employer performs the whole recruitment process, from submitting a recruitment request, to advertising the vacancy and selecting personnel, to closing the recruitment cycle.à It consists of three business participants; the candidate, the employer and the external service provider. The candidate is the internal or externalà person who is actively or passively looking for a new position.à The employer takes both the role of the hiring manager and the recruiter. The hiring manager is the one who has an open position to fill. The recruiter is an HR department employee who helps the hiring manager toà find suitable candidates and select and employ the right persons. The employer submits a recruitment request for the positions to be filled. For this recruitment request the employer looks the available talents and thenà specifies the recruitment plan, for example which target group should be given first choice, where to advertise , and so on. The most appropriate candidates receive an offer from employer and if the candidates accept the offer, the employer closes the recruitment cycle and prepares for their hiring. There are mainly two types of recruitment methods which a manager can recruit; internal and external recruitment. Internal recruitments: Before going for external resources i.e. advertising, agencies or consultants, it is important to review of an internal recruitment for candidates are made. Internal recruitment is when the business looks to fill the vacancy from within its existing workforce. Most of the private sector employers, as a matter of course, attempt to fill vacancies internally before they consider looking for people outside the organization (Newell 2005; CIPD 2007). According to Fuller and Huber (1998), internal recruitment consists of four methods i.e. promotions from within, lateral transfers, job rotation and rehiring former employees. Similarly, in internal recruitment promotion and transfer of existing personnel or through referrals, by current staff members, of friends and family members. Where internal recruitment is the chosen method, job openings can be advertised by job posting, which is a strategy of placing notices on manual and electronic bulletin boards, in company newsletters and through office memoranda. Referrals are usually word-of-mouth advertisements that are a low-cost-per-hire way of recruiting. In each of these methods the current or former staff of the organisations is made aware of the opportunities available to develop their career wi th some new role. Pros: The vacancies can be advertised using notice boards, newsletters, intranet system etc which is very much cost effective and a big advantage for the employers to retain their experienced employees by providing them these career developing opportunities. Other advantages according to Taylor (2008), includes that the employers dont have to spend huge investment on staff training, the time taken to fill the vacancy is usually much quicker and also enhancing motivation commitment among existing staff. In other words when the existing employees know that they get promotion by doing excelent work or completing the task well and less time than others, which give them motivation to do satisfactory work for organisation, if they need promotion. Cons: Internal recruitment is like an old way that tends to carry out the tasks and work in existing ways of thinking. There are also some strong arguments put forward by some researchers writers against the internal recruitment. Heneman (2000) states that traditional approach of internal recruitment starts with the assumption that the individual from the organisation can be promoted upwards and is capable of fulfilling the required persons post. The managers hence are more attentive to analyse the work of the available working staff suitable for the vacancy and employees start competing each other for the promotion. Because of the internal competition between employees for promotion there are some problems i.e. employees attitude, which can be harmful for the organisations atmosphere and goals. This type of recruitment is useful for smaller organisations but not for bigger ones or MNCs. Because small firms have very limited resources regarding to thier finances so firms hesitate to spend a big amount of finance on external recruitment and traning of employees, even at the cost of putting inappropriate or less experianced person for vacant place. New experience is also need of a time for any organisation in t odays competitive world. Similarly Hirish (2000) highlights that sometimes the promoted person is less capable of handling all the situations required by the post i.e. rehabilitate the failed internal candidates so as to avoid the bad performances, unnecessary resignations and collapse in office relationship. In other words the promoted person usually dont have interpersonal qualities to motivate theose employees who are having some problems as well as keep an eye on their needs thoughts or not a perfect choice for the required post. Internal recruitment does not always produce the number or quality of personnel needed i.e. the organisation needs to recruit from external sources, either by encouraging walk-in applicants; advertising vacancies in newspapers, magazines and journals, and the visual and/or audio media; using employment agencies to head hunt; advertising on-line via the Internet; or through job fairs and the use of college recruitment. External recruitments: External recruitment is when the business looks to fill the vacancy from any suitable applicant outside the business. It is the process of attracting and selecting employees from outside the organization. It depends entirely on the numbers and level of the vacancies. Process of identifying and hiring best qualified candidates, from outside of an organisation, for a job vacancy, in a most timely and cost effective manner. There are numerous different approaches used to attract the external employees, in which some of them are more conservative than the others. According to Taylor (2008) banks use following methods of advertisement of the job posts for external employees; printed media, external agencies, education liaison and other methods i.e. personal reccomendations, telephonic interviews, internet etc When managers deciding, which method to use for recruitment, they also have to consider other methods benefits back draws. Recruiters always think about every option available for t hem and then deciding the best one for organisation. The line managers of any organisation is the most responsible person regarding to recruitment and selection because they are solely responsible for decision making at the initial stages of process, whether or not the applicant fulfil the requirement for the required post (Heraty Morley, 1998). à There are some different ways or methods through which line managers and HR department work combinely to recruit employees. Print Media In print media national newspapers, local newspapers, trade professional journals and magazines are suitable for attracting the candidates. Advertisements are the most common form of external recruitment. They can be found in many places (local and national newspapers, notice boards, recruitment fairs) and McKenna Beech (2002) emphasies that this should include some important information relating to the available vacancy (job title, pay package, location, job description, how to apply-either by CV or application form). Because by doing this, only those candidates will apply for the job who are capable of fulfilling the requirements of the organisation and resisting those who are not appropriate. Where a business chooses to advertise will depend on the cost of advertising and the coverage needed (i.e. how far away people will consider applying for the job. The choice of publication depend upon target audiance and Paddison (1990), explains that by doing appropriate advertisement an o rganisation can also acheive the diversity objectives as well. External Agencies In external agencies, job centres are the most important recruitment methods. Job centres are paid for by the government and are responsible for helping the unemployed find jobs or get training. They also provide a service for businesses needing to advertise a vacancy and are generally free to use. This is a good for business because by doing this organisation attracts a big pool of applicants, who fulfil all the requirements of vacant post and organisation has a good choice to pick a right and suitable person. It is also a cost effective way of sourcing candiadtes for interview. Public service agencies enjoy greater exposure to scrutiny than most private sector organisations; therefore, openness and transparency in recruitment and selection practices are crucial. The discussion that follows will identify some of the options available for attracting applicants to the public service job market and discuss strategies for managing the process. The external service provider is an external agent who supports the overall recruitment strategies, the use of various media channels,à the assessments of candidates and pre- employment checks. Another way of recruitment is Recruitment agency. These agencies provides employers with details of suitable candidates for a vacancy and can sometimes be referred to as head-hunters. They work for a fee and often specialise in particular employment areas e.g. nursing, financial services, teacher recruitment. When organisation wishes to fill a vacancy of senior post or a highly specialist person required then the organisations have very small choices because of huge expected qualification. For this purpose, managers use Executive search agencies. These agencies charge very high cost for their services. External agencies are very benificial and cost effective way of recruitment for organisations especially for the banks but it is very lengthy and time taking process, which can take more time than usual. And sometimes by resourcing through agencies, organisations are not able to find such a candidate who is perfect for the vacancy. Education liaison Another form of recruitment which is available for employee recruitment is widely used known as education liaison. In this method, managers recruiting people directly from the educational institutions. The most attractive recruitment is of graduate recruitment. The Careers advisers in schools and colleges, and university appointment boards, may be able to provide suitable candidates. According to McKenna Beech (2002), some of the organisations traditionally taken the employees from education institutions have operated many processes to recruit the young people, who are in their final-year or just completed their studies. Many organisations also recruit young educated employees through open days, recruitment fairs, careers fairs and careers conventions. This type of resourcing is normally prove to be very benificial for banks/organisations because they attract those candidates who are familiar with the new ways and techniques of business field and also enthusiastic to develop their carrers. Other Methods There are some others methods too available to mangers for resourcing. One of them isPersonal recommendation. It is often referred to as word of mouth and can be a recommendation from a colleague at work. A full assessment of the candidate is still needed however but potentially it saves on advertising cost. The current employees who is already working for the firm recommends someone they know. This takes place at all levels of business. A director may recommend that a friend should be appointed to the board of directors. In such kind of recruitment diversity of the organisation effected because the candidate reffered through word of mouth is very similar to the employee who reffered him/her, which can be a negative impact on the culture of the organisation. In most of the cases the first major contact between a candidate and an employer is CV or application form. But some organisations use an alternative in the shape of telephone hotline. The organisations publicise their contact numbers for the candidates to discuss the vacancies availability and requirements. This method is normally used for quick response. According to the McKenna Beech (2002), the use of Internet is as a means of recruitment has been mounting now a day. Applicants all over the world use internet to gain the information about the companies, their vacancies and processes of application. This method provide candidates a system of self screening through which they can find out that whether they are suitable for the required position. For instance, Cisco System and Dell are the big examples of recruiting employees exclusively on internet. Some other recruitment methods are television, radio, cinemas, government training schemes, waiting lists, trade union referral suppliers etc Pros: There is a larger pool of skilled people from which the organisation chooses the best suitable for their vacancy. The new employees bring in new ideas for the development of an organisation. Sometimes the new employee has a wider range of experience which is quite worthwhile for any organisation. Cons: Sometimes few methods are ruled out in external recruitment because of the time constraint. The methods of recruitment in such a haste are very few i.e. employment agencies, job centres, personal contacts and local newspaper advertisement. And because of less time to spend on the process, probably the method chosen by the recruiters is not the best suited for the post. Another main issue in external recruitment is the huge volume of applications received by recruiters and the ability to deal with applications screening them effectively e.g. advertisement in newspaper for senior accounts manager or opening a new branch etc Selection methods Recruitment proceeds selection of the candidate. It is considered to be a very crucial stage in which candidates matched to the requirements of the job are selected. There are number of methods and techniques for doing this process i.e. face-to-face interviews, self-test questionnaires, biodata, assessment centres, selection tests etcà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦ This is the stage where successful candidates get an offer of employment. It is often thought that the selection process is very simple in which wanted against offered is matched and then selecting the best fit for it. Overall, it all boils down to choosing the right candidate for the right position and at the right time. Organisations would not want it the other way around. Employee selection applying these high-tech solutions reduces the cost and time spent in recruiting and selecting qualified candidates. According to the Pilbeam Cobridge (2002), there are some different ways of employee selection used by organisations i.e. interview, psychometric testing, work sampling, assessment centres, biodata, graphology and online questionnaire. There is the explanation of some of the selection methods use by the organisations. Interviews The most popular selection technique is the interview either by face-to-face or in front of the interview panel. According to Lewis (1985), although the validity of interview is considered very low but it is still popular for selection. Interview provides the basis of two way exchange of information which is very useful to determine that the candidate is an appropriate person for the organisation and its culture. Shackleton and Newell (1991), highlights the point that every organisation use a interview sample at least once in the selection process. There are mainly two types of interview, structured and unstructured. According to McDaniel et al. (1994), structured interviews are more valid for selection purpose than unstructured one. This can be useful for two way exchange of ideas and information. It helps to improve the quality of decision but (Heffcutt and Arthur, 1994) it is not improving the validity. In unstructured or triditional interviews candidates asked different type of q uestions from which interviewer gets information about applicant in an unsystematic manner and draw the conclusion in his mind whether or not offer the job to applicant. Which may lead the poor selection. There are some very common problems with unstructured interview explains below. The first and the foremost problem is the undue influence or bais behaviour of the interviewer. Interviewer sometimes given the positive or negative response to candidate from his CV/application form or on the basis of similar qualities, background, career, personality or attitude, in other way decision is just on the basis of personal likeness or dislikeness. Sometimes the interviewer is not a fully trained person for conduct an interview and lead to a wrong decision of selection of employee. Poor questioning is also a big problem of these interviews because interviewer ask questions designed for the initial impression of candidates and make a decision way to early about applicants. These problems play a big part while selection process. If the organisation not overcome these problems before the interview process then it lead towards discrimination with applicants or the wrong selection of an employee. Work-based Test When an organisation want to access the abilities and altitude of applicants competence, a work-based test can be used. In this test candidates have to come with the different and logical ideas as a solution of a problem presented infront of the. They required to undertake some typical tasks associated with the job, which shows the quality of their work and on these basis applicants are assessed. For example applicants could be given with the series of theoretical situations and want them to respond at the mean time. This is very similar to the situational interview. Another example is the individual performance of an applicant in a group work, where two or more applicants discuss a specific assignment and then their performance in the discussion is accessed. Work-based tests are very valuable because these tests provides the actual competence and ability of an applicant. In Pakistan, the useage of work-based test is quite low for selection of an employee but it is extensively used ( Lockyer, 1996) in United Kingdom. Biodata When candidates apply for the job, normally they fill an application form or submit a CV or both. From these application forms and CVs managers find a key biographical information about the candidates i.e. age, education, interests, personal history and employment history. In selection particular things of a candidates biographical profile receives higher score then others because these features are most appropriate and required ones for the vacancy. Shackleton and Newell (1991), indicate that only 20% of the organisations used biodata as a selection tool to some extent and only 4% for all vacancies, which is increasing now a day but still very hard (Wilkinson, 1997) to find any evidence of a broader spread of biodata. Sometimes employers have difficulty in choosing the right person for the vacant post in their organisation. Employee selection promises to be a difficult task especially if the current recruitment systems fall below industry standards and fail to meet the companys recr uitment objective. One specific aspect in employee selection is data inquiry. HR system users usually require a list of all the possible candidates for a position in ranking order. Ranking employee selection is achieved using software solutions that efficiently go through application data by matching candidate resumes and other pertinent application documents with the job requirement. An automated system generally ensures an accurate and fast result for various types of employee selection inquiry. According to the Brown and Campion (1994), there are some advantages and usefulness of biodata as a selection tool. It is very useful to screen the large number of applications in response of an advertisement. It is very systematic approach which helps to improve the selection decisions. If referances considered as a selection tool then it is very useful as it provides honesty and moral integrity of applicant which is vital consideration. The big disadvantage of biographical test is the la rge amount of time required for this exercise. Another potential draw back is biasism against certain groups or communities. Another draw back is of referances as a selection device because applicant nominates refrees and the choosen persons are very unlikely to provide any negative assesment. According to Hunter Hunter (1984), generally the strength and consistency of referances are pretty poor but still remains accepted in UK. Employment References This is the third of three selection techniques know as classic trio and the other two are interviews and application forms explained above. Normally organisations asked to shortlist candidates to provide them at least two referances which considered to be an important contribution to selection. This is one of the last tools used for selection of a candidate. Referances are taken for two major purposes, one is to provide confirmation that the information provided by applicant is right and the other is persons character referance. According to the IRS (2002a), approximately 70% of the referances are taken following the decision of selection has been made. Conclusions/summary This review of the literature highlights a range of issues and perspectives for the approach to recruitment and selection of employees which has implications for the Pakistani banking sector. There is not a specific perfect recruitment and selection process available for banks for resourcing of employees. It depends upon the size and culture of the bank that what kind of resourcing policy performs. There are several good ways identified for resourcing of employees. For example the best methods of recruitment in small banks is internal recruitment i.e. promotion of an employee and for big organisation it is it is external recruitment i.e print media, as it has less problems to deal with. And for Selection, interviews are the most common and widely tool used by banks. There are some important findings/issues highlighted from the above literature review. The specific areas through primary research are followings. Rational for the type of recruitment resourcing policies used. The role of stakeholders (HR managers line managers) in recruitment and selection. Identification of key issues experianced. The next chapter outlines and explains the research design adopted to investigate these implications from the perspectives of HR managers with responsibility for recruitment and selection. Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-53385709757438199582020-01-19T07:48:00.001-08:002020-01-19T07:48:05.163-08:00Standard Setting in Political EnvironmentIntroduction Accounting standards dominate the accountantââ¬â¢s work. These standards are being constantly changed, deleted, and/or added to, both in the United States and abroad. They provide practical and handy rules for the conduct of the accountantââ¬â¢s work. They are generally accepted as firm rules, backed by sanctions for nonconformity. Accounting standards usually consist of three parts: * A description of the problem to be tackled A reasoned discussion (possibly exploring fundamental theory) or ways of solving the problem * In line with decision or theory, the prescribed solution In general, standards, especially auditing standards, have been restricted to the prescribed solution, which has generated a lot of controversy about the absence of supporting theories and the use of an ad hoc formulating approach. The general trend, however, is to include the description and the reasoned discussion, thereby providing a concise, theoretically supported rule of action.The Publ ic Interest Theory was implicit in our examination of standard-setting. The theory suggests that regulation is required to answer the demand of the public for correction of market failures. The theory assumes that the central authority has the best interests of the society as its objective. In other words it does its best to maximize social welfare. The regulation is a trade off between the costs involved and the benefits received by society. The Interest Group Theory takes the view that an industry operates in the situation where there are a number of interest groups (constituencies).Development of standard setting approaches in various countries IASB The International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) is the independent, accounting standard-setting body of the IFRS. The IASB was founded on April 1, 2001 as the successor to the International Accounting Standard Committee (IASC). It is responsible for developing IFRS and promoting the use and application of these standards. The Inter national Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) was incorporated as a tax-exempt organization in the US state of Delaware.The IFRS also the parent entity of the IASB, an independent accounting standard-setter based in London, England. The IASB has 14 Board members. They are selected as a group of experts with a mix of experience of standard-setting, preparing and using accounts, and academic work. In January 2009, they have their meeting with the Trustees of the Foundation concluded the first part of the second Constitution Review, announcing the creation of a Monitoring Board and the expansion of the IASB to 16 members and giving more consideration to the geographical composition of the IASB.FASB Since 1973, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has been the designated organization in the private sector for establishing standards of financial accounting that governs the preparation of financial reports by nongovernmental entities. Those standards are officially recognized as authoritative by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The SEC has statutory authority to establish financial accounting and reporting standards for publicly held companies under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.Throughout its history, however, the Commissionââ¬â¢s policy has been to rely on the private sector for this function to the extent that the private sector demonstrates ability to fulfill the responsibility in the public interest. The mission of the FASB is to establish and improve standards of financial accounting and reporting that foster financial reporting by nongovernmental entities that provides decision-useful information to investors and other users of financial reports.That mission is accomplished through a comprehensive and independent process that encourages broad participation, objectively considers all stakeholder views, and is subject to oversight by the Financial Accounting Foundationâ⠬â¢s Board of Trustees. MASB Standard setting in Malaysia entered a new era with the Financial Reporting Act 1997 which established the Financial Reporting Foundation (FRF) and the Malaysian Accounting Standard Board (MASB) in 1997. The Financial Reporting Act 1997 was gazette on 6 March, 1997.The FRF is established under the Financial Reporting Act 1997 (Act). The FRF comprises representation from all relevant parties in the standard setting process, including preparers, users, regulators and accountancy profession. The FRF, as a trustee body, has responsibility for the oversight of the MASBââ¬â¢s performance, financial and funding arrangements, and as an initial source of views for the MASB on proposed standards and pronouncements. It has no direct responsibility with regard to standard setting. This responsibility rests exclusively with the MASB.The aims of the MASB are to implement an efficient, effective structure and ââ¬Ëdue processesââ¬â¢ for the development of MAS B Standards, a conceptual framework and other forms of authoritative guidance. Other than that, MASB also aim to pursue the development of MASB Standards, a conceptual framework and other authoritative guidance on a basis that recognizes that users of financial statements are the primary customer, so that those users are better able to make economic decisions. The MASB established a committee in May, 2002 known as the Issues Committee to replace its predecessor, Interpretation Committee.The change in name reflects the expanded scope of the committee which, in addition to dealing with interpretations of approved accounting standards, also deals with other accounting related issues where there are no existing accounting standards. The committee, hence, is responsible for reviewing accounting issues that have received or likely to receive different views in interpretation and to provide recommendations to the Board for decision. Standard setting approaches MFRSs are full convergence, w hich are copy word by word of IFRSs issued by the IASB except for the terminologies.The due process of MFRS Framework aligns the MASB's due process timeline to that of the IASB with the aim of putting the new or amended standards in place for adoption and application within a timely manner. This is to ensure, that the effective date of the new or amended standards will be the same as that of IFRSs. * Stage 1: MASB seeks public comment on IASB's draft technical pronouncements. The IASB's draft technical pronouncements include Discussion Paper, Exposure Draft and Request for Views.MASB will disseminate the IASB draft pronouncements together with an Invitation to Comment to local constituents by publishing on MASB website a ââ¬Å"Comment Onlineâ⬠feature and sending a copy of the documents to the relevant authorities, professional bodies, accounting firms, industry related associations, and public listed companies. The due date for the public to submit comments to MASB is usually one month before IASB's comment deadline so as to allow MASB Working Group and the Board a reasonable time to consider the comments received before making a submission to the IASB.In addition, public forums may be organized if these IASB draft pronouncements represent major change or shift from current practice. * Stage 2: Deliberation at the Working Group level on IASB's draft pronouncements The IASB's draft pronouncements will be deliberated in WG meetings and to provide comment / recommendation to the issues raised in the draft pronouncements for the Board's consideration. The WG will also consider public comments received and their recommendations on those comments for the Board's consideration. Stage 3: Deliberation at the MASB (the Board). The public comments received, Working Group's comments and recommendations will be tabled at the Board for deliberation and consideration. During the discussion, the Board will consider all comments received and thereafter, a comment letter to the IASB will be prepared and submitted to IASB accordingly. * Stage 4: Issuance of Standard by IASB. Following publication of the final standard by the IASB (IFRS), the Working Group will deliberate on the changes made, if any, from the draft pronouncements.Thereafter, the Working Group's views or recommendation, including possible issues/ implications, if any, of the IFRS will be presented to the MASB for consideration. * Stage 5: Issuance of standard by MASB. After due deliberation by the Board, copy of the MFRS (word-for-word with IFRSs) would be presented to the FRF members for their comments before it being issued as approved accounting standards in Malaysia. Ethics of standard setting It is likely that if there was no regulation, markets would cease to work.Have two motivations, there are the external motivation ââ¬â the enforcement approach, a regulator, and the internal motivation ââ¬â the people will want to keep their promises and honour contracts. The more et hically that people behave, the greater reduction there would be in required regulation. One way to look at it would be, for example, if all professionals acted in their own self-interest, ignoring the clientsââ¬â¢ recognition, in due course clients would become very suspicious.Regulations would grow and professionals would be very carefully looked into. However, if professionals can be trusted to act in a trustworthy way, then it could be a win-win situation. It goes beyond adopting a code of ethics. Professionals would have to act professionally towards the client. Professionals must become transparent in their actions so clients will have full trust in their actions. Certainly professionals have self-interest and this must be taken into account.As some regulation would be required, what about standard setting from an ethical point of view. When accountants are dealing with clients there is very likely an imbalance of accounting knowledge between the two but accountants should not impose their own values on the client. Issues involved in standard setting The standard setting bodies have an ethical issue because the standards set for clients, those who manage the companies, have a third dimension, as the managersââ¬â¢ interests often conflict with those of the public.Our case is the investing public, the third party. Now investors needs are well served by good disclosure of material. But we have seen in our previous modules that standards that are beneficial to the investor often impose burdens on the managers, volatility. Whose interests should the regulator serve. Duska & Duska, stated the accountant and the regulator can easily reconcile the obligations by acting with integrity. In the long-run the interests of the public and the investor merge.The answer comes across clearly in Duska & Duska. They argue that the profession has an obligation to ââ¬Å"look out for the best interests of the client, avoiding the temptation to take advantage of the clie ntâ⬠; this quotation implies the public interest theory. It is important to consider the debate between what is termed ââ¬Å"rules-basedâ⬠and ââ¬Å"principle basedâ⬠accounting standards. It is important to consider the debate between what is termed ââ¬Å"rules-basedâ⬠and ââ¬Å"principlebasedâ⬠accounting standards.Considering Enronââ¬â¢s actions they were strictly based on rules actions of GAAP. They were not based on ââ¬Å"principlesâ⬠There is a difference. Rules attempt to put down detailed directions to be followed, and it is difficult to cover all situations. The Principle indicates the intent we have in mind and the course we follow. It is putting into effect the real ethics we wish to pursue. Accounting issue in Islamic Financial InstitutionAccounting standards are developed in various parts of the world and are predominantly developed based on the environment of local jurisdiction and typically the behavior of the large and most often multinational corporations would be subjected to these standards. MASB has also appointed a Working Group to develop a framework of accounting concepts based on the Shariââ¬â¢ah principles to assist the Board in developing financial accounting and reporting standards for the recognition, measurement and disclosure of transactions based on Shariââ¬â¢ah principles which would facilitate the development of the Islamic Capital Market.The main characteristics that influenced the environment of an Islamic bank in the Shari'ah and this has to be central in the development of accounting standards for Islamic banks, which was not part of the consideration of the international standard setter. There are major differences between Islamic banks and Conventional banks that impose difficulties for Islamic banks to comply with standards not actually meant for them. Appropriate mechanism to track the risks and rewards other than a financial reporting system, which Islamic financial instituti on were deprived of prior to AAOFI.Foundation of setting standards for Islamic financial institution is on the basis of filling in a vacuum that conventional standards have left void. AAOFI did not reject existing GAAP standards except in cases where such principles conflict with Shari'ah principles. It is clearly stated in AAOFI's Statement of Objectives that ââ¬Å"it is natural that there should be differences between objectives of other bank and objectives of Islamic bank. The kinds of issues addressed by AAOIFI Standards. Substance over formThe framework of accounting standards by IAS and other generally accepted accounting standards require that the accounting information is presented according to the substance and economic reality and not merely the legal form. Requiring and entity that enjoys a greater of economic benefits of an asset to report the asset in their balance sheet appeared in a leasing contract in consistent with this postulate. Apparently this characteristic of accounting principles is in violation of Shari'ah and hence is not recognized by AAOIFI standards.Prudence Prudence is a concept that appears in the IAS Framework of Accounting Standards and promotes the need to be cautious in overstating asset or profits especially in the business world. AAOIFI Standards are silent on this characteristic of financial reporting. The reason that can be attributed to the silence which must not be read as an objection, is that such a principle conflict with the very idea that financial reporting in Islam should focus on fair reporting of an entity's financial position. AAOIFI Standards are silent with regards to the concept of prudence and leaves it to the best discretion of the preparers of financial statements to compile with their local regulatory requirements. Asset Valuation Typical measurement basis is the historical cost measurement simply because this is the most commonly adopted by the enterprises in preparing their financial statements. Isla mic bank's financial report the measurements of asset would also very much be influenced by the terms of the Shari'a contract underlying the product.AAIOFI's standard requires the bank to value the asset in their balance sheet on the basis of cash equivalents value. The other aspects where AAIOIFI standards depart from conventional practice is on the treatment of asset in an Ijarah Muntahia Bittamleek contract. IMBT is an innovation is in fiqh to satisfy the financial lease contracts in conventional practice. IMBT is a combination of two contracts which runs sequentially one after the other and the reporting of the financial transaction as mentioned in AAOIFI's FAS 8, IMBT would reflects Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-42942373346502523912020-01-11T04:12:00.001-08:002020-01-11T04:12:05.637-08:00Autism and PsychologyAutism: ââ¬Å"Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than humanâ⬠¦ ââ¬Å"(Aristotle, 328 B. C. in Aronson, 1995). We have been designed from birth to need and trust and socialize with one another in various ways. Yet, why is it so difficult for some but not for others. I have a four year old Autistic son that also has severe developmental delays due to prematurity and birthing complications. There are days that he gets frustrated at not even being able to communicate basic needs or just wants to be in his own world, left to his own device.That for anyone is rough, but knowing I am his mother makes it worse. Social interaction is such an important part of growing as not only a human being, but also for the brain. Even from the beginning of time man has leaned on the premise of needing that companionship and contact with the world around them. Being from the South, you are instructed and taught from day one to be cordial and have social interactions regularly with others in and out of your class, race, or religion. But what if you cannot convey and relate to the social customs? Does that mean you are to forever be labeled as a deviant, eccentric, or antisocial?If it is funding that you have mental issues you donââ¬â¢t discuss them or you are forever looked at as a child. Traditionally, that means that these individuals were ostracized, stigmatized and even eliminated for the good of the whole, as the compromised the very fabric of society by proposing to build a group of individuals, somewhat like a cult, that were interconnected forever( Aronson, 1995). Animal test subjects have been well conditioned to run through mazes or pressed bars for food or to avoid electric shocks administered by researchers; likewise humans comply within similar consequences.Furthermore, it has also been documented that behavior motivated by external consequences is relatively short-li ved, ceasing with the consequence is no longer available (Thompson, & Iwata, 2001). This can even be seen when a mother is watching her children, and then steps out. The children understand to behave in both situations and the latter situation may have a punishment if that direction is not followed properly. Yet, as soon as the mother steps out, the non-conformist child will misbehave, only because of the punishment, even if the other sibling(s) is behaving themselves properly.Something stops a child like this from comprehending why this is wrong and what is truly acceptable. This may be in part to some issues with the connections to neuro-transmitters or lack thereof. Often times these children are not even motivated by reward systems, they will continue to misbehave at some point even when the mother returns, almost challenging her. Therefore, they will never be in society as an integral part, but as part of the problem. This, however, is not true for Autistic children.They wish t o be the same, but again, the neuro-transmitters misfire and do not allow for them to ââ¬Ëcompare apples to orangesââ¬â¢. In 1943 Leo Kanner named such children as, socially withdrawn. He outlined the social disorder in 11 boys that he studied as an ââ¬Å"autistic disturbance of affective contactâ⬠because of their apparent disinterest in other people and inability to be socially influenced (Kanner, 1943, in Frith, 1989). In spite of this, in 1984 the American Psychiatric Association, deemed this as a pervasive disorder, among others, and now it is simply known as Autism (APA, 1984).Over the past ten years Autism has been redefined again as the most complicated neurological disorder affecting the central nervous system of a large number of people. It is also the most confusing and pervasive of the developmental disorders as little is known for a cause, there is no cure, and treatments vary among individuals (Frith & Happeââ¬â¢, 1994). The typical stereotype of an indi vidual with autism describes a withdrawn, mute child with an inverted gaze engaged in repetitive activities or self-stimulatory behaviors, ASD or Autism Spectrum Disorder, ranges from severe to very mild(Mesibov & Burack, 2001).Yet, the ones that have such disorders, have recently been labeled as Autistic due to lack of social prowess and extreme knowledge and fixation on one profession. These subsets of children can often times appear normal within the first year but start regressing in knowledge and skill, or not improving or gain skills at all. Eventually, one can build a wall to even keep family out, or fixate on something so hard it becomes an obsession or routine that if stopped could be mentally, physically, and socially detrimental(Kennedy & Shukla, 1995).Although, it is also important to remember that individuals with ASD are not totally withdrawn, socially and may even interact from time to time, but this can be limited. I know as more going from hearing your child say â⠬ËI love youââ¬â¢ and hug often, to once or twice week is difficult. The first time my son ran and hugged me and looked me in the eye was very emotional for me, but he did not understand. This leads to my next point: cognition. As I said before many ASD children do not understand emotions or are seldom empathetic. They may ask questions about the emotions you are showing but do not fully understand what you are telling them.This again is due to a misfiring of neuor-transmitters. That is why so many ASD children really like Thomas the Train. He teaches them emotions and what the facial expressions mean. My son now understand crying, anger, and excitement. Therefore, while they have a social desire, the interference in the cognitive system proves to be the main problem (Happe, 1999; Baron-Cohen, 1985; Dodge, 1980). Cognitive processing systems such as motivation, decision making and emotions are believed to be prompted when one responds to stimuli.These stimuli characterize the d ifferent mental states (desires, imagination, emotions, etc. ) that psychologists believe to be the cause of ones actions. Yet, without appropriately developed social cognition individuals have difficulty forming social relationships with others and this is evidenced by poor social behavior (Baron-Cohen, 2000). A study was designed to test this theory, and it found that 64% of individuals with ASD have first degree relatives with more extensive mental health issues, like major depression, and 39% had other social phobias (Smalley, et al, 1995).That being said, one can conclude that unlike other studies, ASD maybe a genetic disease mutated from other mental illness issues. This would also help the justice system that was once scandalized by improprieties of inmates due to a lack of knowledge. By understanding what type of ASD and the severity one can simply argue mental illness? Now I am not condoning every run out on the crazy defense, but if the shoe fits, why would we just put som eone who is innocent into the system as done years ago.Think of the good old days when one could be simply thrown in jail for no id or not talking but if you have a mentally ill or developmentally disabled individual, and you put them in an environment that is rough, harsh, and not anything like their routine, it is no wonder why we had so many inmate suicides and still do inmates slip through the cracks continuously. But we may never see that happen due to public opinion. We as a society look at children with developmental delays or ASD as animals. I find it sickening. Or we think the parent does not discipline the child.Yet, due to lack of cognitive understanding, it would gain to reason why one does not benefit from punishing this type of child; they simply do not understand and are eager to please. Some may disagree but my sonââ¬â¢s doctor actually explained to us that anything more than timeout/cool down period would be over his head. Even taking away toys would be ineffecti ve. So the next time you are at a store take that into consideration. Now that I am off of my soapbox consider this: The acceptance of inadequacies in the empathizing process of individuals with Autism can offer more tolerance of the behaviors they display.Thus, they are not capable enough to calculate the conduct of others readily and we would expect an avoidance of impulsive situations. This is apparent in the outbursts and obsessive behaviors these individuals show in an effort to control and maintain routines in their environments (Dodge, 1980). Now some can point to sensory issues, needing to feel secure through various methods close to the five senses. A lot of the Autism community says that therapies for these aversions and how to cope will cause the ASD patient to understand, control, and manipulate to achieve a normal life.Nevertheless, the sensory struggles coincide with socio-emotional issues and are noted as early as infancy. Hence, the various longitudinal studies of in fants later diagnosed with autism show empty eye gaze, poor response to name, aloofness, reduced looking-at-faces, and deficits in directing attention (Mottron & Burack, 2001). And while it appears that these skills, as well as impairments in early social-communication skills and joint attention are present long before speech and mind blindness develop (Koegel & Mentis, 1985; Shanker, 2004; Wing & Gould, 1979).Additionally, developmental theories on attachment and affective responsiveness have suggested that children with impaired social emotional relating in infancy will not develop appropriate social understanding and as a result social interaction and communication skills will suffer (Kennedy & Shukla, 1995). In spite of that, Supporters of the theory of mind suggest that people with Autism lack the ability to comprehend thoughts and experiences that occur outside of themselves (Happe, 1991).While I can see that, since my son gets stuck on one thing that happened and will talk ab out it for months as though it happened yesterday, the difficulty in understanding the mental thoughts of others often results in bizarre communication patterns (Happe, 1999). Thus, blindness and a clear lack of meeting of the minds, also appears to interfere with the ability to identify with others or to understand another person's point of view (Shanker, 2004). So do we really know what people with Autism need, or are we just grabbing air in a world full of marshmallows? BibliographyAmerican Psychiatric Association DSM-IV (1984). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. ). American Psychiatric Association. Aronson, E. (1995). The social animal. (7th ed. ). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company. Baron-Cohen, S. (1985). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Baron-Cohen, S. (2000). Theory of mind and autism: A fifteen year review. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg ; D. J. Cohen (Eds), Understanding other minds: perspectives from developmental cognitive neuroscience (pp. 3-20).Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dodge, K. (1980) Social cognition and children's aggressive behavior. Child Development. 51, 162-170. Frith, U. (1989). Autism: Explaining the enigma. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Frith, U. , & Happe, F. (1994). Autism: Beyond â⬠theory of mind. â⬠Cognition, 50, 115-132. Happe, F. (1991). The autobiographical writings of three asperger syndrome adults; problems of interpretation and implications for theory. In U. Frith (Ed. ), Autism and asperger syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Happe, F. (1999). Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style.Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 6, 216-222. Kennedy, C. H. , & Shukla, S, (1995). Social interaction research for people with autism as a set of past, current, and emerging propositions. Behavioral Disorders, 21, 21-35. Koegel, R. L. , & Mentis, M. (1985). Motivation in childhood autism: Can they or won't they? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 26, 185-191. Mesibov, G. B. , Adams, L. W. , ; Klinger, L. G. (1997). Autism: Understanding the disorder. New York, NY: Plenum Press. Shanker, S. (2004). The roots of mindblindness.Theory ; Psychology, 14, 5, 685-703. Smalley SL, McCracken J, Tanguay P. (1995). Autism, affective disorders, and social phobia. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 27, 60, 1, 19-26. Thompson, R. H. , ; Iwata, B. A. (2001). A descriptive analysis of social consequences following problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34, 169-178. Wing, L. , ; Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 11-29. Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-13280592544145533182020-01-03T00:36:00.001-08:002020-01-03T00:36:03.452-08:00Hw 1-Logic Essay - 1468 Words Philosophy 201ââ¬âPractical Logic Loyola University New Orleans Ben Bayer Summer 2012 Homework #1 DUE: Tuesday, September 11th, (at 11:59pm, just before midnight) Directions For each of the listed fallacious arguments, select an answer to each of questions (a) and (b). For both (a) and (b), select ONE AND ONLY ONE answer from (i) through (vii). For most of the answers in (b) you will need to fill in the specified blanks with details from the argument to fully explain your answer. Please copy and paste the text of your answers for both (a) and (b) into your submission. For part (b) answers, type over the underscore, preferably in capital letters, to complete your answer. Problems 1. A breadbox isâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦But this premise is the very idea most in need of proof. It is especially controversial because__________________. xxv. Because a key concept, __________________, is implicitly redefined to make the conclusion come out as true. A more ordinary definition of that concept is something like __________________. xxvi. The premise, __________________, is false. We know this because __________________. xxvii. Because the conclusion is immediately restated through the use of words with identical meaning: __________________ means the same as __________________. xxviii. The idea most in need of proof , __________________, is being taken for granted as true, which we can tell because __________________. 3. The new oil pipeline will only cause a massive increase in noxious effluent. Therefore, we can conclude that it will result in an upswing in toxic pollution. e. What is the specific name of the error or fallacy? xxix. Premises are not known to be true: at least one is false xxx. Begging the question: mere restatement xxxi. Begging the question: restatement through synonymy xxxii. Begging the question: circular reasoning xxxiii. Begging the question: implicit controversial premises xxxiv. Begging the question: arbitrary redefinition of terms xxxv. Begging the question: other f. How do know that this fallacy isShow MoreRelatedMatching Dell - Case Summary1484 Words à |à 6 Pagesof US household owsn PC in 1998 ââ" ª Modular architecture prevalent for HW and SW, PC differed depending on configuration ââ" ª Most HW components sourced my numerous companies and highly competitive, however the Microprocessor was controlled by INTEL with 90% share, similarly for OS , Microsoft owned the market and even 80% of the productivity SW, like word processor, ââ" ª HW and SW started selling as integrated bundle ââ" ª PC customers were of 4 typesRead MoreModern System Analyst Chapter 1 Essay1002 Words à |à 5 Pages HW: Ch. 1 problems and exercises 1. Why is it important to use systems analysis and design methodologies when building a system? Why not just build the system in whatever way appears to be ââ¬Å"quick and easyâ⬠? What value is provided by using an ââ¬Å"engineeringâ⬠approach? 2. How might prototyping be used as part of the SDLC? 3. Compare Figures 1-2 and 1-3. 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As of March 2015, more than 800 HWs had been infected with Ebola, and more than 500 died. Vaccine trials complicated the provision of routine care, as community members were confused about which vaccines and treatments were routine rather than experimentalRead MoreElectric Charge1344 Words à |à 6 PagesHW 1 solutions Point Charge in One Dimension A point charge q1 = -3.5 à ¼C is located at the origin of a co-ordinate system. Another point charge q2 = 5.1 à ¼C is located along the x-axis at a distance x2 = 9.3 cm from q1. 1) What is F12,x, the value of the x-component of the force that q1 exerts on q2? -18.57 N For all of these problems we want to make use of the standard electric force equation: Ãâ So for this problem with K=9*109 Nm2/C2, Q1=-3.5à ¼C, Q2=5.1 à ¼C, and r=9.3 cm we get F=-18.57Read MoreThe National Debt Of The United1802 Words à |à 8 PagesThe national debt of the United Stated has long been a large source of controversy, especially given the last four years having had $1 trillion deficits consecutively. The United States national government has overspent and run a deficit for the last 45 of 50 years. The US national debt is quickly approaching $20 trillion, and the budget deficit is still very high. The debt and the deficit are two different terms. 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I consume CDs and cassettesRead MoreMarketing Mix of Haeir18481 Words à |à 74 PagesSubmitted In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements Of MBA Program Distribution List: * Prof. Rajesh Rout (Faculty Guide) * Mr. Ashish Mohanta (Company Guide) CONTENTS: SERIALNO. | CONTENTS | PAGE NO. | 1. | ABSTRACT | 7 | 2. | INTRODUCTION: * ABOUT THE TOPIC * ALL ABOUT THE PROJECT * RESEARCH OBJECTIVES | 9 | 3. | METHODOLOGY | 12 | 4. | LIMITATIONS | 15 | 5. | MARKETING MIX STARETEGIES * THE MARKETING MIX INGREDIENT FOR SUCCESS * APPLIANCESRead MoreCompensation Management9389 Words à |à 38 Pagestherefore expects to have fair share in the business/production process. Advantages of Fair Compensation System: Therefore a fair compensation system is a must for every business organization. The fair compensation system will help in the following: 1. If an ideal compensation system is designed, it will have positive impact on the efficiency and results produced by workmen. 2. Such system will encourage the normal worker to perform better and achieve the standards fixed. 3. this system willRead MoreBlue Ocean Strategy Essay4322 Words à |à 18 PagesMauborgne, page 239-240). Mauborgne is a member of President Barrack Obamas Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and she is also a Fellow of the World Economic Forum, (Web 1). The Sunday Times (London) called them ââ¬Å"two of Europes brightest business thinkersâ⬠(Web 1). CHAPTER TWO MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BLUE OCEAN AND RED OCEAN INTRODUCTION The concept about Blue Ocean is relatively easy to understand. The red ocean is the current market where all the industries Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-45106703454976907712019-12-25T21:01:00.001-08:002019-12-25T21:01:03.460-08:00Evidence-Based Practices For Youth Offenders - 1343 Words The National Registry for Evidence-Based Programs and Practices (NREPP), which is preserved by the United Statesââ¬â¢ Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), provide a list of all evidence-based practices that are beneficial for youth offenders (SAMHSA, 2017). Per SAMHSA (2017), between 50-70 percent of the youth in the juvenile justice system, have a mental disorder and up to 60 percent have been diagnosed with a substance use disorder (SAMHSA, 2017). Of those youth with dual diagnosis, approximately 30 percent have lost the ability to function as a result of their disorder (SAMHSA, 2017). Therefore, to determine the best treatment plan for youth offenders, evidence-based practices focus on the importance ofâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Therefore, numerous interventions have been designed to address and redirect specific behaviors of delinquent youth who are at-risk for recidivism or who have been incarcerated and are facing greater involvement within the juvenile justice system (Youth.Gov, 2017). More importantly, not every intervention works with every youth offender. The key is to focus on each youth as an individual and not as a population. The utilization of evidence based programs have proven to have positive outcomes for youth such as; reduced anxieties, and depression, academic success, support systems and skills for employment. Characteristically, juvenile delinquency follows a route comparable to that of usual adolescent development. Delinquent behavior is a path followed and not just something that children randomly engage in and therefore, through the understanding of the developmental paths of at-risk youth, researchers believe that early interventions can help to increase positive outcomes (Youth.Gov, 2017). Evidence -Based Practice Functional family therapy (FFT) is an evidence-based practice (EBP) for high-risk youth that concentrates on multifaceted and multidimensional issues through a practice that is validated by research, culturally diverse, and submissively structured (Robbins, 2016). Furthermore, the FFT programââ¬â¢s goal is to increase protective factors while decreasing the risk factors that have a direct impact on youth offenders (CrimeSolutions.Gov, 2011).Show MoreRelatedTraum Trauma And Its Effects On Mental Health1141 Words à |à 5 PagesTrauma-informed Care Trauma-informed Care involves identifying youth with trauma by assessments and treating trauma through cognitive behavioral treatment models.8 Juvenile prevention and re-injury programs look to routinely screen for trauma exposure, the programs use culturally appropriate evidence-based assessment and treatment for traumatic stress and associated mental health symptoms; and make resources available to children, families, and providers on trauma exposure, its impact, and treatmentRead MoreYCJA841 Words à |à 4 PagesResponsivity Referring to aspects from Goldson and Muncieââ¬â¢s (2006) article on ââ¬Å"a youth justice with integrityâ⬠(pp. 99-102), the essay will argue that section 38 of the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) should incorporate a risk-needs responsivity model (RNR) to the sentencing structure. Moreover, this addition should replace the 2012 amendments of section 38, which incorporated deterrence and denunciation into sentencing practices (s. 38(2)(f)). This amendment has the potential to increase recidivism ratesRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On The Social Of African American Juveniles1487 Words à |à 6 Pagesprogram to address those disabilities, which is an approach all juvenile detention centers should take (Foster, Williamson, and Buchannon, 2004). Psychological disabilities are very common in detention centers and suicide rates for incarcerated youth are two to four times higher than in the community at large (Abram 2008). Conditions linked with imprisonment, such as solitary confinement, crowding, and separation from friends and family can increase the risk of suicidal behavior (Abram 2008).Read MoreChild Justice Act : Child And Youth Care Centers Or Prisons929 Words à |à 4 PagesIn South Africa, there are two avenues for residential youth confinement: child and youth care centers or prisons. The former provides support services for youth with varying needs such as children with substance abuse problems, children living in overcrowded homes and so on. This is as a temporary measure and is only advocated as a measure of last resort. In prisons, a child under the age of 14 is ineligible to serve a prison sentence and can only serve the minimum amount of time as deemed necessaryRead MoreThe Issue Of Juvenile Internment1606 Words à |à 7 Pagesoffenders and toward the kids teetering on the edge, the ones for whom violence and arrest, addiction or death, are clearly in the cards, but still-perhaps-avoidable, (Humes 232). How can a childââ¬â¢s right to liberty, her parentââ¬â¢s right to act as guardian and the states interest to prevent crime be balanced with regard to status offenses. Although the original parens patriae stressed individual rehabilitation, primitive psychological knowledge combined with a concern of external scrutiny left mostRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Treatment : Description And Fundamental Principles1452 Words à |à 6 Pagesbehavior at this stage in their life will not necessarily follow them into adulthood. For this reason, rehabilitation has a particular appeal in reference to dealing with juvenile offenders (Treatment Programs for Juvenile Delinquents, 1999). When determining what kind of treatment is appropriate for juvenile offenders, it is crucial to identify his or her delinquency type. There are four basic types of delinquents: neurotic disturbed, un-socialized psychopathic, subcultural socialized, and inadequateRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Is Complex1201 Words à |à 5 Pagesyoung offenders, by providing mental health, or addiction rehabs for those that are in need of it rather than locking them up. This not only helps keep the amount of juveniles down but also can be a preventative in recidivism. Some believe that juveniles should be punished by the same laws that apply to the adult offenders while others look to rehabilitation rather than incarceration. Policyholders are now looking at ââ¬Å"evidence-based models that demonstrate in handling the juvenile offendersâ⬠(SchmallegerRead MoreHealth Outcomes1611 Words à |à 7 Pagesparentââ¬â¢s religious practices (The Heritage Foundation, 2011). Children are born into a complex environment which can have negative and positive effects on their health (Rigby ump; Kohler, 2002). Many services such as the Center for Adolescent Services, the Ounce of Prevention, Care Source and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) are available to promote, protect, and address specific child health population problems. Measuring the health of children is important because the youth are citizens thatRead MoreJuvenile Rights1125 Words à |à 5 Pagesjuveniles as compared to adult offenders, I will discuss a juveniles rights at the time of arrest, and my opinion on whether or not the additional protections afforded to juveniles serve the purposes of social and criminal justice. Juveniles have rights when they are arrested, however some of them differ then the rights adults have. ââ¬Å"The first encounter a youth has with the juvenile justice system is usually his or her arrest by a law enforcement official. Other ways that youth enter the system includeRead MoreLegal - Discretion in the Legal System Essay1226 Words à |à 5 PagesExplain the role of discretion in the criminal justice system. As a society we believe that offenders should be held accountable for their actions but also treated fairly in the criminal investigation, trial process and sentencing. As a result of this, the power of discretion, that is the ability to choose from a range of options, is granted to some authorities ensure some flexibility for decision making within the system, enabling a more holistic outcome for all parties involved. The issues Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-53478761542358409822019-12-17T16:50:00.001-08:002019-12-17T16:50:04.217-08:00Leadership and Motivation Essay - 1320 Words In this essay I will set upon doing the following two questions: 1) Explain in detail one of the theories of motivation and assess its value in the current business environment 2) Explain one of the contingency theories of leadership. 1) The one theory of motivation that I will be explaining in the first question is Abraham Maslowââ¬â¢s needs hierarchy; some may call it his content theory of motivation aswell. The theory was based around nine needs that Maslow found out through research that effected people motivation in work. The nine different needs are listed below. 1) Biological needs: These are basic needs for human life to survive, for example the need for food water rest an oxygen 2) Safety needs: These are needs for theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦These are the needs that are required by every employee and they are also the easiest for the organisation to provide. The top need is the desire for self-actualization; this is also the hardest need to provide for the employee. Maslowââ¬â¢s thoughts were that self-actualized people are rare. Maslowââ¬â¢s theory is very popular among HR departments in companies across the world; however many feel that the theory has flaws aswell. It would be very rare for people at any given time to be striving for the same need. This would be a problem for the manager, how would he/she provide all the different motivators at the one time to cater to the needs of their staff. The hierarchical structure of the needs may not be correct for every individual aswell, they may not feel has if one need dominates all the others. Humans will have mixed emotions and needs, the may require more than one need being fulfilled at one time . All people aswell do not satisfy there higher-order needs just through work, many my find this through hobbies and different activities they do outside of work. It also does not take into account that different situations can affect these needs; it is maybe not as simple as the hierarchy makes it out to be. ââ¬Å"The simplicity of the hierarchy does not reflect the reality that behaviour in the real world is shaped by situational pressures and controls that are often beyond a personââ¬â¢s individual controlâ⬠(ManagementShow MoreRelatedLeadership : Leadership And Motivation1867 Words à |à 8 Pages LEADERSHIP BY: BENJAMIN CORONA LEADERSHIP AND MOTIVATION MGMT312 AMERICAN MILITARY UNIVERSITY 2/21/2017 Leadership can be viewed as many different things whether it be a trait, skill, or something that someone may just be born with. One thing for certain is that whether you have this characteristic or not, we will always need leadership figures. Some people are just followers their whole life and donââ¬â¢t get the chance to be leaders. Leaders come in many different forms, approaches andRead MoreLeadership Notes On Leadership And Motivation1314 Words à |à 6 PagesModule 2 Leadership Motivation 4th June 2015 Table of Contents Introduction â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. Page 2 My Leadership Map â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ Page 3 Leadership Practice â⬠¦........â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. Page 3 Leadership v Management ............................................................................................... Page 4 Effective Leadership Characteristics .â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. Page 4 Leadership Development ...Read MoreMotivation and Leadership Essay1592 Words à |à 7 PagesMotivation and Leadership are intrinsically linked in the fact that one allows an easement in the process of the other. Without the ability to use the mutual relationship of leadership to influence the motivators of followers, leaders stagnate and are limited by their own inability to accomplish all that must be for real change to occur. In less Rostonian terms (that is, based on Rost (1993)), without a motivated group of followers leaders are stranded and not achieving to a level of excellence.Read MoreLeadership Styles and Motivation1140 Words à |à 5 PagesRunning Head: JUDGING LEADERS Teresa King Name of Student School Abstract There are 5 major leadership styles for various organizations. A military organization is known for its unbending adherence to order and regimen. This should not be compromised in the exercise of military function. Recently, the traditionally male sector has been admitting more women to upper ranks. One such woman was Teresa King, the first to be appointed head of the Armys Drill Sergeants School at Fort Jackson inRead MoreLeadership and Motivation Essay2846 Words à |à 12 PagesLeadership is a process where one person influences a group of others to achieve group or organizational goals- Leadership is thus about motivation. Table of Contents Topic Page Number 1 Executive Summary 3 2 Leadership 3 2.1 Leadership Definition 4 3 The Four Main Phases of Leadership Theory 4 4 Motivation 7 4.1 Motivation Models and Theories 7 5 Motivation and Leadership Styles 8 6 Case Study- Royal Bank of Scotland Group: Motivation and Leadership 10 7 Conclusion 11 ReferencesRead MoreLeadership, Inspiration And Motivation1928 Words à |à 8 Pagesthem naturally. They have the confidence in themselves which they show in front of the world. Many people come forward as a leader, but only few of them can lead and show others the right path. The chapters in the book talks about leadership, inspiration and motivation. The book starts with how can anyone be a leader by following a pattern. Inspiring others is not a hard job as it can be done through with the help of little discipline. As, the stories go on in the book it further discusses aboutRead MoreLeadership Is The Strongest Effect On Creativity, Motivation, And Motivation Essay1519 Words à |à 7 PagesLeadership is individual who help in creating and achieving shared goals. Some compel other drive from the groups. Leadership is social affiliation of three constituent leaders, followers and the context (Nye, 2010). Leadership is the ability to move a group towards a common goal. Leadership is an activity, by which one can stimulate others to work in order to achieve a given goal (Val Kemp, 2013). Leadership styles can be generally divided into positive, negative and neutral. Negative style hasRead MoreLeadership - Motivation and Performance765 Words à |à 4 Page sThe Expectancy Theory of Motivation explains the factors or the levels of which employees are motivated. There is a direct correlation of an employeeââ¬â¢s trend to act in a scenario is dependent on the expectation the act will render. There are three key components and relationships in the expectancy theory. Effort-performance, Performance-reward, and Rewards-personal goals relationship are the three factors that define this correlation. These three will be discussed in detail accompanied by a proposedRead MoreLeadership And Motivation Theory Connection1251 Words à |à 6 PagesLeadership and Motivation Theory Connection The Army defines leadership as influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation while operating to accomplish the mission and improve the organization (Schoomaker, 2007). The leaders in an organization use leadership styles that range from Charismatic to Transformational to motivate their subordinates to execute each task at a high level. They also use individual and organizational goals to establish an emotional connection between theRead MoreEssay about Leadership and Motivation966 Words à |à 4 PagesCase Study: Leadership amp; Motivation Styles for Mr. James Winthrope By: Celestina Trujillo HCM 2004 SO1 South University Online January 14, 2013 Contents Based on the different styles of leadership, which style would be most appropriate to address the issue with the ES employees?â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.3 How should leaders and managers address workplace issues based on specific styles of leadership? â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.....3 What intrinsic and extrinsic rewards Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2438858981955342564.post-73898173558015841772019-12-09T13:33:00.001-08:002019-12-09T13:33:04.021-08:00Drawing the Line History of Political Cartooning in Kenya Essay Example For Students Drawing the Line: History of Political Cartooning in Kenya Essay Though cartooning as a medium of communication and expression is a relatively new phenomenon in Kenya, many a newspaper reader has become so addicted to editorial and thematic cartoon strips that a newspaper without either is not considered a worthy buy. Messages that cannot be conveyed in overdo for sensitivity, political correctness or prejudice are effectively communicated through cartoons. In a nutshell, cartoons have become the sugar coating for the bitter but necessary message. We appreciate the now settled role Of cartoons and their creators as the latter day conscience of the nation. Kudos to the Association of East African Cartoonist (CATKIN) for amortizing the history Of cartoons in the Mitten word! Let this initiative be not a seasonal oasis in a desert of information butt modest beginning of what will be a vast ocean of Satanist message for present and future generations. 7 Background A Brief History of Political Cartoons Knife-edged and salient, there is no simpler or more effective form of journalism than the editorial or political cartoon. The message ? usually critical is instantaneous, and often funny. Political cartoons (from cartoon, the Italian word for pasteboard. ) are for the most part composed of two elements caricature, which parodies the individual, and allusion, which creates the situation or context into which the individual is placed. Caricature as a Western discipline goes back to Leonardo dad Vines artistic explorations of the ideal type of deformity? the grotesque? which he used to better understand the concept of ideal beauty. Over time, the principles of form established in part by Leonardo had become so ingrained into the method of portraiture that artists like Agitation and Enabled Accuracy rebelled against them. Intended to be lighthearted satires, their caricatures were, in essence, counter-art. K The Italian masters used pasteboard for rough drawings (cartoon), Which were especially useful in preparing frescoes and tapestries. The word did not come to mean an amusing sketch until the asses when Prince Albert, Who wanted to decorate the walls Of the Drawing the Line new Houses of Parliament in London with frescoes, opened a competition for their design. The cartoons for the frescoes, some of them absurd in their attempts to appear heroic, were exhibited in 1843 and parodied shortly thereafter in the English gazing Punch, thus earning the word its present meaning. The sketch of A Captain of Pope Urban VIII is representative tooth new genre in that it is a quick, impressionistic drawing that exaggerates prominent physical characteristics to humorous effect. At its best, it brings out the subjects inner self in a kind of physiological satire and seems to be a comment on some facet of the Captains masculinity. Caricatures became popular with collectors, but they perceived the fanciful exercises as curiosities rather than viable artistic productions. As a result, they were not displayed publicly and so one of he earliest modes of graphic satire remained in the parlous and drawing room. While caricature originated around the Mediterranean, cartoons of a more editorial nature developed in a chillier climate. The Protestant Reformation began in Germany, and made extensive use of visual propaganda; the success of both Martin Lathers socio-religious reforms and the discipline Of political cartooning depended on a level of civilization neither too primitive nor too advanced. A merchant class had emerged to occupy positions Of leadership Within the growing villages and towns, which meant that a core of people existed who loud respond 9 Drawing the Line to Lathers invectives and be economically capable of resisting the all-powerful Catholic Church. With regard to the physical requirements of graphic art, both woodcutting and metal engraving had become established trades, with many artists and draughtsman sympathetic to the cause. Finally, the factor which probably influenced the rise of cartoons more than any other cultural condition was a high illiteracy rate. Luther recognized that the support of an increasingly more powerful middle class was crucial to the success to his retorts, but in order to lead a truly popular movement he would need the sheer weight of the peasantry numbers. The distribution of simple broadsheet posters or illustrated pamphlets throughout population centers proved to be an effective strategy because the images would reach a large amount of people and enjoy the greatest possible amount of comprehension. As Barry Burden, assistant professor of government at Harvard university, puts it, Satire was once the way for illiterate people to make sense of what was going on in politics? An excellent example of Luther use of visual protest is found in two woodcuts from the pamphlet Passion Christi undo 10 Drawing the Line Antichrists, originally drawn by Lucas Crane the Elder. These images contrast the actions of Jesus with those of the Church hierarchy. The hegemony Of religion at the time ensured that when someone drew a Biblical episode like that of Jesus driving the moneychangers out of the Temple, everyone would recognize it. The artist juxtaposed the first scene With a contemporary tableau that many people would also understand: the Pope writes indulgences while common folk pay their hard earned money in tribute. The two pictures clearly intend to raise public consciousness by illustrating the premise that changes must be made within the Church for life to ever become more Christie. Passion Christi undo Antichrists also demonstrates the artists use of the second element of political cartoons the context of a widely-recognized story or setting? to get his point across. As time went on, Germanic art assimilated the Italian caricature and established the conventions practiced on a wide basis by cartoonists of the 18th Century, The cartoon became a subst antial medium of commentary which took serious issues and presented them in a manner which as not only amusing, II Drawing the Line and therefore more socially acceptable, but also designed to affect the viewers opinion. As Western culture diversified from its original religious foundation, new subjects became available for discussion and subsequent ridicule; as such the appeal and influence of cartoons on public life grew in proportion. The American political cartoon avgas born in Philadelphia. This is sometimes credited to Benjamin Franklin for his famed Join or Die of 1974, showing a severed snake, its separate parts labeled as colonies. But four copperplate images, a 1764- 5 series, are considered the true beginning of the tradition in their comic-but- cutting depiction Of a political event, and particularly, Of Franklin himself. The series inflamed tempers during the 1764 elections and ultimately cost Franklin his seat in the Pennsylvania Assembly, the only election he was ever to lose. In the 18th Century the cartoonists of England, Russia, Germany, Spain, and the Limited States generally declared satirical war on Napoleon, and so effective were they that Napoleon sent notes to the government of England requesting their suppression, equating them with murderers. By the mid-19th century, editorial cartoons had become regular 12 Drawing the Line features in American newspapers, and were soon followed by sports cartoons and humorous cartoons. The effect to political cartoons on public opinion was amply demonstrated with the demise of William Tweed, a New York politician in the asses, largely caused by the attention paid to him by cartoonist Thomas NASA. Tweeds exasperated response speaks to the power of Annas cartoons, He demanded to his henchmen,Stop them damned pictures. I dont care what the papers write about me. My constituents cant read But, damn it, they can see pictures! In the 20th Century, the influence of cartoons was such that Hitler and Stalin surrounded themselves with large groups of pocket cartoonists who praised them extravagantly. They also destroyed or exiled scratch)NIST critical of them. During the Battle for Britain Englishman David Low, considered the centuries greatest cartoonist, was put on Hitless death list. In recent years, 29 countries have jailed or otherwise punished newspaper cartoonists, according to the Cartoonist Relief Network which is dedicated to the protection of the rights editorial cartoonists. The role of cartoonists As we have seen, for half a millennium cartoonists have exposed abuses of power, the corruption of government and the hypocrisy of society. Drawing the Color Line - Background Information EssayUnlike Juju Caulk Which never cared for social issues or politics, Joe did not shy away from the political. The realism foes was infectious; he almost had a life of his own. Unlike characters in Other cartoons, Who are Obviously fictional, Joe gave the impression that he was a next-door neighbor. If something affected ordinary people, Joe could be depended upon to speak on your behalf, and chances were that his views would pretty much represent what you would have said. Though the magazine ran for only about three years, Joe provided the inspiration for many of the cartoonists who followed. Besides serving as a role model, Hirsh unlocked the potential of cartoons to discuss any issue. When the magazine ceased publication, it was as if the country had lost a national celebrity. Nearly a quarter to a century later, Joe is still remembered fondly on Nairobi streets. 21 Drawing Owning later founded the weekly Nairobi Times newspaper (later to be sold to KANE and re-christened Kenya Times), issued every Sunday, and The Weekly Review, a weekly news magazine issued every Friday. Nairobi Times became a launch pad for budding cartoonists. After the collapse of Joe, Hirsh was seldom heard of in the cartoon world. Resident goring Cartoonists The cartoonists Who immediately followed Joe were from outside Kenya. Three were particularly influential: Tanzania Philip Underground, Uganda James Turpentine and Ghanaian Prank Dodo. Underground joined Kenya Times in 1983, where he introduced Kibitzer, which became a hit With readers as a social comic strip. Kibitzer literally means Of no use and the main character spent time essentially living up to the title. The strip connected to the social issues that had been Hirers forte. Sadly, Underground died in March 1986 at only 24. James Tummies, an agricultural economist, joined the Daily Nation where, besides drawing political cartoons, he wrote humor. When Hilary Owens founded Nairobi Times 22 Drawing the Line Tummies became an economics correspondent and later business editor; he continued with the paper even after KANE acquired it in 1982 and changed the name to Kenya Times. At the Times Tummies drew cartoons as well. One of his most popular characters was Bogie Bends who is probably best described as an African Andy Cap. Tummies published two comic hooks while still in Kenya. In 1986, he moved back to Uganda where he has been involved in many pursuits including serving in the Uganda cabinet, Kibitzer and Bogie Bends, while providing continuity and acting as an important bridge, still pale in comparison tit the robust environment that Hirsh set in Joe. Ghanaian born Prank Dodo started drawing political cartoons for the Nation in 1973. Dodo, who now produces a series of weekly comic strips, is one of the most socially and politically conscious, and longest active cartoonists on the Kenya scene. His characters tend to be much more mature and his themes more complex, reflective and intended for adult readership, particularly in the comic strips, The Mermaid of Motorboat and Galoot. His Other columns include Khan, Radii, 23 Drawing Living World, Checkmate, and Apex. Dodos work has been published broadly in the Nordic countries and throughout Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Like Hirsh, Dodo, Tummies and Underground have served as role models for later Kenya cartoonists. Local Cartoonists About the same time Dodo was working at the Daily Nation, local cartoonists begun to make their presence felt. One of the first was Kiosks Karri whose work was published in the East African Standard. However, Kiosks was to remain largely a commentator on social subjects. Paul Maid Killable was the first indigenous political cartoonist to reach national prominence. Maid owned the Nation in 1986 as the countrys first full time staff editorial cartoonist. Prior to that, he had been caricaturing for in-house magazines and publications in Mambas on the Kenya Coast. At the Nation, Maid was primarily an pop-De cartoonist focusing on political and social issues. According to Sunday Nation editor John Agenda, Maddox 24 Drawing the Line naughty as ever. He provides the clearest connection to Hirsh, as his cartoons and themes have a remarkable semblance to those in Joe. During the Vass when the first local editorial Cartoons were printed in the local dailies, the revealing political climate discouraged cartoonists from exploring sensitive subjects. For example, While one could caricature ministers and provincial commissioners, cartooning the President was out of the question, at least in the formal media. There were such drawings in the informal publications but these were largely underground papers with limited circulation, such as the clandestine press of the University of Nairobi. With the agitation for political change in the late asses and early asses, cartoonists became bolder and Maid is credited with being the first to caricature the then President Daniel Rap Mom. Though the presidential caricature has since become commonplace in Kenya cartoons, back then it was revolutionary. As newspapers recognized the important contribution cartoonists could make, more opportunities opened up. James Sham Kumara was hired as the main editorial cartoonist 25 Drawing for Kenya Times, after which, he worked briefly, still as a cartoonist, for the East African Chronicles, before settling in at the Standard. When Maid moved to the Standard, Tanzania Goodbye Goad Mamboed replaced him at the Nation and was to become one of Africans most internationally celebrated cartoonists. Goads works have appeared in a number of publications such as New African in the (J; Courier International and El Monde both in France; the Financial Mail and New Nation both in South Africa; Washington Times, Des Standard of Belgium, and Japan Times. Today, most local dailies have more than one staff cartoonist on their payrolls. Error example, the Nation has a pool of six cartoonists. The editorial cartoon is a permanent feature of editorial pages and the popularity of the composite cartoon commentary pioneered by Mads Its a Maid Maid World is testimony to local cartoonists talents as social and political commentators. The Challenges of Cartooning One of the challenges that Kenya cartoonists face is finding sufficient media through which to expose their work and exploit their talent. With only four newspapers, of which only two, the Nation and the East African Standard are truly mass newspapers, the challenge for any budding cartoonist is formidable. Although the other two dailies, Kenya Times and People, are also mass oriented, their combined circulation is still less than that of the Standard. The two main dailies can use only a limited number of cartoonists. At the moment, the Nation Group has about six cartoonists but only a few of them publish regularly. Hardly any of the countrys numerous magazines use cartoons. The efforts by Communication Artists Limited (CAL), a company founded by four of the leading scratch)NIST, have led to the launching of several cartoon-based publications including The African Illustrated, and Penknife, all of which have ceased publication after a limited number of issues. Penknife though has been resurrected as an insert in the Sunday Standard). Kenya cartoonists hue an identity crisis ? whether they are 27 Drawing the Line an independent profession or part of journalism. Though they definitely insider themselves journalists and, according to its Secretary-General Ezekiel Mutual, are recognized as such by the Kenya Union of Journalists, they feel that the specific title of Cartoonist is not well regarded. The problem that figures topmost in cartoonists minds. Is that of editorial censorship. Paul Maid Killable is concerned that editors will Water down cartoon commentary development and push it back to where it was at the outset thirty years ago. Though Kenya cartoonists nowadays enjoy a relatively large degree of freedom and the fact that no cartoonist has been charged or sued in court is testimony o this, they are alert to any developments that may endanger this treated. Armando Valentinehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04309400756915772084noreply@blogger.com0