The Layout of Joseph Campbell’s Hero’s Journey in The...

Joseph Campbell’s Hero’s Journey can be found through the layout of The Epic of Gilgamesh. Steps from each of the major phases such as the departure, initiation, and return are steps in the epic. Gilgamesh‘s Hero’s journey begins with the call to adventure this is where Gilgamesh tells Enkidu that they are to fight the beast, Humbaba ( 110.131-136). The call which is refused takes place within Gilgamesh’s dreams that he will fail (117.50-60). The step is not very important due to the face that it is not an outright refusal, only subconscious thoughts. Supernatural appears in numerous forms throughout the epic, one being his mother is a goddess (106.268-270). The next imporatnat step listed is crossing of the first threshold. Gilgamesh and Enkidu leave the safe haven of Uruk and enter the forest (113.20-24) and begin their adventure together. When Enkidu’s dies, Gilgamesh enters the belly of the whale. That is the last of the steps of Joseph Campbell’s Hero’s Journey. During the rest of the story, the steps change order and some are taken out completely. One could argue a valid statement for each of the steps, but some are more figurative rather than literal. The Odyssey the Epic Hero Cycle Odysseus is the King of Ithaca. He has been fighting in the Trojan War and helped the Greeks win the Trojan War. After winning the Trojan War he wants to get home and reclaim his kingdom and to see his wife and his son, Telemachus. While on his journey home Odysseus faces many

Implications Of Leadership And Ethics On Organizational...

Implications of Leadership and Ethics on Organizational Behavior Introduction Leadership and management is important to keep the professional and personal life in a flow. In this paper, my personal leadership characteristics along with my strengths and weaknesses, and behavioral implications have been analyzed. After which, there is a comparative study between Heroic Management and Engaged Leadership. In organizational Ethics Section, the organizational code of ethics has been analyzed. Also, a survey was conducted among colleagues, the result of which is discussed in a summarized form at the end of the paper. 1. Leadership My personal leadership effectiveness is mainly dependent on my own strengths and abilities that how effective I am to manage different kind of situation. Also, it is necessary to know about my own weaknesses and those areas in which I feel myself unconfident or threatened, so that, I can overcome such issues to improve my personal leadership effectiveness. Strengths i. I am very creative and often impress my colleagues with a new perspective regarding business. ii. I have great communication skills. iii. I have the ability to work under pressure. iiii. I am fully committed to work and handle work confidently. v. I can motivate others when working as a team. vi. I have strong critical thinking and decision-making skills. Weaknesses i. I often become confused when trying a new thing or when engaged in any activity other than routine work. ii. I becomeShow MoreRelatedThe Leader s Ethical Values Influence Leadership Style Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesamaze you if you discovered that ethics and leadership style are correlated? The leaders come from various industries for instance, public, private, government, and non-profit/for-profit. The leader’s ethical values influence leadership style. 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Conflicting Perspectives of the Ideal Family Essay

Task 1: ‘Functionalist accounts of the family underestimate the extent of conflict within families’. Discuss with reference to relevant sociological theories and examples. The Functionalist sociologist, Murdock (1949) defined the ‘family as a social group characterised by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction’ (Sociology In Focus p62). He claimed it must include adults of both sexes of whom maintain a socially accepted sexual relationship, and own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting adults. Murdocks definition is focuses on the Nuclear family stereotypically made up of a ‘two-generation family heterosexual couples with offspring’ (Moore, Chapman and Aiken p136). This definition of the family is popular†¦show more content†¦(2004),for example, conflict between husband and wife, child abuse and male dominance etc. They also pay less attention on the harmful effects the family may have on the wider society. Unlike the Marxists, the functionalists never consider variations in family life based on class, ethnicity, religion and locality. However according to Willmott and Young, the pre-industrial family tended to be nuclear, not extended as claimed by Parsons with parents and children working together in cottage industries such as weaving. They also argue that the hardship of these early industrial periods gave rise to the mother centered working class extended family, based on ties between mother and their married daughters who relied on each other for financial, practical and emotional support. Marxists view the family in a very disparaging light and views the family as a tool of Capitalism and the Bourgeoisie. Marxists believe that the family has many roles, which are beneficial to Capitalist society. Marxists believe that the family aids Capitalism by being a big consumer of goods, which they have to pay for. As long as the families are around, people will keep buying the product and the bourgeoisie will continue to make money. Marxists also believe that housewives are producing the next generation of the proletariat. This means that more people will be created to fill the jobs of the retiring proletariat. Marxists believe that the familyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Neighbours By Tim Winton1028 Words   |  5 Pagescharacters, rather calls them the â€Å"Macedonian Family† and the â€Å"Polish man†, in order to show their cultural differences and highlight multiculturalism. Through the development of the short story, Winton shows how the young couple transit ion and develop their societal perspectives from being â€Å"wary of the neighbourhood† to accepting cultural differences, consequently renewing an individuals perspectives of respect, integrity and truth. 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The Lives of Emily and Charlotte Brontë - 2000 Words

Emily and Charlotte Brontà « retained exceptional novels throughout history. Their stories captivate the minds of readers alike, taking them to a world of dark, eerie hatred, and overcoming the obstacle faced with love and devotion. However, both sisters have diverse styles of writing. Charlotte Brontà « tends to use more humor through her works, while Emily Brontà « uses more satire along with a sardonic tone. T hey both come together to have somewhat similar themes, making the moral of the story mentally powerful. Charlotte Brontà «, the eldest in the family, had always been interested in writing. After her mother died, she was left to take care of her other four siblings. She was born on April 21, 1816 in Thornton, Yorkshire, England. She†¦show more content†¦One may say, that the theme would be: â€Å"No matter how many struggles one faces, in the end, someone will always be there to love a person, and cherish every moment they have together.† The author tries to epitomize that even though Jane struggled consequently through her entire life, in the end, she had someone to love. Jane herself realizes this in the end of the novel, stating that she never met anyone else who loved her in this quantity, and was willing to spend the rest of his life with her. Her life with Rochester had been pleasant after the ten years of their marriage, and she remembers that they both are equals in their relationship; one is not higher than the other. The author tries to prove that one should not give up hope, even in desperate times, and wait until something better comes along, and when it does, take it, and not let the chance go. The theme of love is stated throughout the novel. Charlotte Brontà « wrote what was known to be â€Å"the tale of the heart’s realisation through another, and of the loss of what seemed to be realized† (â€Å"Cambridge History, Jane Eyre, Part One† 2). Jane Eyre for the most part, had positive reviews from a udiences, and professors. Such, â€Å"Jane Eyre was a unique Victorian book because in it, whatever the age might think it right to say, it was made plain to the most unwillingly convinced that purity could be passionate and that a woman could read the heart† (â€Å"Cambridge History, Jane Eyre, Part One† 2). Therefore, CharlotteShow MoreRelatedThe Brontà « Family1804 Words   |  7 PagesThe Brontà « family was full of amazing writers, originating from the father Patrick Brontà «. Patrick strived for his children to be the best writers they could be and hoped they would make a career of writing poems, plays, novels and many others types of literature. Patrick and his wife Maria had six children, five girls and one boy. These five girls took a greater liking to writing literature over their brother, Branwell Brontà «. Since the Brontà « sisters were from this well-known line of Brontà «Read MoreEmily Bronte s Wuthering Heights Essay1220 Words   |  5 Page sfamily background, the Brontà « sisters have both written novels centered on orphans’ pursuits of love that may have challenged civilized society. Emily Jane Brontà « and Charlotte Brontà « are among the six children born to Reverend Patrick Brontà « and Maria Branwell Brontà « (â€Å"Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬ ). The loss of their mother and two eldest sisters resulted in different responses between Charlotte and Emily, while Emily became shyer, Charlotte developed a dominant attitude (â€Å"Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬ ). Initially unsuccessfulRead MoreThe Life of Charlotte Bronte798 Words   |  3 Pagesin life that is not imaginable and Charlotte Bronte was one person who went through a lot. Charlotte went through many crises. 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Much of her life isRead MoreEmely Bronte and Wuthering Heights1340 Words   |  5 PagesIt was a quiet evening in Thornton, United Kingdom, on July 30th, 1818 to be exact, that a legend was born. Emily Jane Brontà «, the fifth of six children, came into existence. (Information found on GradeSaver) Her father, Reverend Patrick Brontà «, grew up as a peasant while her mother, Maria Brontà « Branwell was quite wealthy. The two became a pair and after years of marriage, finally had a family of eight. Though the family was not fully united for long. (page 10, Howard) Their were a heap fullRead MoreGlass Towns and Graveyards: A Biography of Charlotte Brontà « Essays937 Words   |  4 Pages Brontà « noted that, after discovering a manuscript written by Emily in 1845, her sisters poems were not â€Å"at all like the poetry women generally write† and carried â€Å"a peculiar music – wild, melancholy, and elevating.† Brontà «, along with her sisters, began using pseudonyms in 1846 with the publication of Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. According to Charlotte, the wide audience believed that these three pseudonyms related to one person; she wrote Biographical Notes on the Pseudonymous BellsRead MoreJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte781 Words   |  3 PagesThrough her trials and tribulations, Charlotte Bronte has kept her passion for poetry alive and remains as one of the most influential British poets of all times. 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My Three Most Effective College Study Skills Free Essays

College life is a new start for me. I need to change my study skills to adapt the new period of studying. As a college student, I think developing effective study skills is an excellent way to ensure that I can fully enjoy my college life. We will write a custom essay sample on My Three Most Effective College Study Skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now First of all, making a schedule to confirm what things I need to do and put everything in order is a good way for me to improve the learning efficiency. I try to make an â€Å"everyday To-Do list† and mark important tasks on the calendar, such as preparing presentations, the deadline of essays, and the date of quizzes or examinations. It can help me know class and tasks clearly, and then I can arrange everything under control. When I complete a task, I’ll tick off it. A small tick always gives me a sense of achievement. Secondly, listening to lecturers carefully in class is the most essential way. I try to take notes to record something important and underline important points in class. And I think giving eye contacts to teachers is a good way to give feedbacks to teachers and help teacher know whether you’ve understood or not. Actually, previewing new knowledge before class can help me understand contents of the class better. Moreover, reviewing knowledge after class; it’s a good way to test whether I’ve grasped the knowledge or not. Last but not least, participating in extracurricular activities is an important way. There’re lots of different kinds of lectures in our college, some lectures can help me open up my mind and enlarge my knowledge, and some lectures can help me relax. And participating in the group work regularly is a good way to develop communication competence and find our own strength and weakness. Meanwhile, society club activities also are a part of the college life. In our leisure time, we can take part in activities to make more friends and relax ourselves. All in all, everyone may have their own way to study well and get higher grades. Anyway, I think these three ways are the most appropriate for me. Someone who knows how to learn efficiently is much better than someone who can get good grades. (366 words) How to cite My Three Most Effective College Study Skills, Essay examples

Construction Enterprise Architecture Management †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Construction Enterprise Architecture Management. Answer: Introduction: In the current report, a client has approached to investigate Lufthansa Company with the help of PESTEL and Porters five forces framework. For this, a brief overview of the organisation has been carried out describing its mission, values, capabilities, locations and summary of stated performance. In addition, the strengths and weaknesses of Lufthansa have been dissected with the help of financial performance, product or service portfolio and core operations. Finally, the report sheds light on determining the attractiveness of the organisation along with suggesting whether to purchase or sell the shares of the organisation. Lufthansa is an aviation group having global operations in above 400 subsidiaries and associated organisations in Australia, Europe, UK and Asia. The organisation is segregated into five business segments that include the airline and airfreight services, passenger transportation areas, MRO, logistics along with IT services and catering (Lufthansa.com 2017). These segments play leading roles in their sectors and in few cases; they are even the global market leader. It is the largest European airline in terms of fleet size and the second largest airline in terms of passengers carried in 2016. In 2016, Lufthansa has an average of 124,306 members and the turnover of the organisation has been 31,660 million in the same year. As the organisation is involved in competing in the global airline industry, the business segments comprise of logistics, passenger business, overhaul and repair, information technology services and leisure travel. The core values of the organisation primarily include the following: Providing reliable services for air-cargo and passengers and seamless association with the partners enhances the volatile environment Growing profitability along with maintaining a healthy financial structure for enabling investment in developing business, products, fleet and people Commitment to sustainable development along with assuming ecological, social and civic responsibilities Exploiting the growth potential for developing value Adoption of activities in 2011, which would form the group into the Airline Powerhouse of Europe Competitiveness would receive a lasting boost Combination of financial strategy with sound foundations for financial flexibility Comprehensive and targeted analysis of the external environment of Lufthansa and its industry: In order to evaluate the external environment of Lufthansa, PESTEL analysis has been carried out, which is depicted as follows: There is deregulation in the global transport industries, which has helped the organisation in carrying out its business operations in an effective fashion (Albers et al. 2017). In addition, it obtains fuel subsidies from the German government and due to this, Lufthansa has managed to minimise its operating expenses in the home nation. However, it has failed to receive subsidies from the cross-border nations. As a result, the group has not succeeded in minimising its operational expenditures in those nations. However, the government is involved in fare range regulation along with apportioning usable routes for carriers to control the competition. For risk control, there is need for the governmental need to the tourists or immigrants. Moreover, there are few constraints in relation to adherence of the governmental policies. For instance, the UK government has passed a pledge to minimise carbon emissions by 60%, which is depicted in the UK Climate Change Bill. Furthermore, according to the EU Emission Trading Scheme, 1 kilogram of jet fuel is equivalent to 3.15 kilogram of carbon dioxide (Amir, Auzair and Amiruddin 2016). Thus, Lufthansa is compelled to reduce the utilisation of jet fuel in conducting its aviation-related operations. The first economic factor affecting the business operations of Lufthansa is the gross domestic production (GDP). This is because poor economy results in lower business travel. Most of the organisations in the airline industry reduce the costs on non-essential travel (Bergh et al. 2017). Hence, Lufthansa might need to modify the meetings to conference calls. The second factor includes the risk of inflation rate in EMEA/US, in which the tendency of the individuals would be low at the time of high rate of inflation in the nation. Another factor influencing the business operations of Lufthansa is the bilateral trade agreements in EMEA, and US as they enhance the travelling frequency of the businesspersons around the world. Finally, the rise in global prices has increased the overall operating expenses of Lufthansa. The figure below depicts the figure in relation to change in source of economic growth (Asia) and currency power (Euro v USD). The demographic change is one of the socio-cultural factors, in which the grey market development spends more on travelling and leisure. This is because of the changes in the preferences, lifestyles and fashions of the customers, since they need opportunities for visiting interesting, new and long haul destinations (Bromiley, Rau and McShane 2014). Along with this, the rising popularity of the holidays abroad has resulted in a boom for travelling demand. Moreover, there is a change in the perception of air travel in the minds of the consumers. This is because low cost revolution throughout Europe available to the greater public, There is rise in air travel, since the individuals not considering to travel by air now have the opportunity to travel. The growth of ageing population in Europe has considerable effect on the business income of Lufthansa, as these individuals have greater disposable income to spend. Finally, the greater number of commuters and the demand for lower cost carri ers depict change in attitude about the tour operators and travel agencies. As a result, this leads to image problems for the organisations providing greater service cost. With the rising advancements in technology, the direct customers in the global airline industry prefer worldwide access. The goal of Lufthansa is to regain the control of the customers. However, it is to be borne in mind that it is not possible for any organisation to own customers in the existing business environment (Carroll, Primo and Richter 2016). The airlines could leverage the same technology for gaining access to their wants and needs, the desired services and change based on willingness and paying ability despite the empowerment of the customers with the help of technology. The development of computer reservation systems has lead to competition in online travel agencies with improvement in site functionality and usability. In addition, there is flexibility in the booking process and the customers receive alerts or confirmations via SMS and e-mail. Finally, the convenient check-in on cell phone has helped the customers to look at the flight schedules and delays, if any. As identified above, the global governments are laying greater stress on the emission rate of carbon dioxide, due to which Lufthansa has reduced fuel burn and level of noise. For instance, Lufthansa has changed for its green house share contribution on flights, which are back and forth Europe. It has adopted environment friendly measures like use of proper equipment and donations to charitable institutions to increase its social responsibility. In addition, as the airports in Europe are located in metropolitan areas, such strategic location could provide convenience to the customers (Certo et al. 2016). Regulation regarding the level of carbon emission Changes in the employment laws, company laws, tax laws and their regulations in US, Australia and Europe Privatisation of the transport industry or traffic rights in Asian nations The competition laws in Australia have limited the travel fares of Lufthansa in its operating nations (Chen, Delmas and Lieberman 2015) The regulatory changes in EU, for instance, the enhanced call for better customer care have helped in reaching the consumers at a faster rate The regulatory changes in US, for example, the restrictions on gels and liquids past the screening checkpoints impact the customers of the mode of air transport in possession of such products (gels and liquids) The external environment of Lufthansa could be evaluated with the help of Porters five forces framework, which is represented briefly as follows: In terms of global competition, Lufthansa is the biggest in terms of revenue followed by AF-KLM and IAG. On the other hand, Vueling, Turkish and Norwegian Airlines are growing at a faster pace, while in terms of profit, Ryanair is the most profitable in 2016 (Peppard and Ward 2016). Along with this, Turkish and Finnair Airlines have recorded the greatest improvements of percentage point in their margins, while Alitalia, IAG and SAS have experienced an operating loss and decline in operating margin. Air-France KLM and Airberlin have made loss at the operational level; however, they experienced a narrow down of their loss margins. In addition, Lufthansa has entered into partnerships and equity investments by regions (Emirates). Furthermore, the Star Alliance Groups Lufthansa and Air China occupy the first two positions on routes between China and Europe. Thus, based on the above discussion, it could be stated that the threat of competition is medium in the global airline industry. As there is high start-up cost for entering into the global aviation industry, the capital requirement is high. In addition, the capacity of distribution channels is limited, as the existing organisations in the industry are competing to find a space for their products. The new entrants might find it difficult to obtain landing slots and gates at the major hubs. As a result, it might pose difficulties for the new entrants to form flight schedules at attractive times in a day (Eden and Ackermann 2013). The deregulated environment in USA and liberalised environment in Europe might lead to high-risk nature of the industry, which acts as a major impediment to the new entrants. Finally, the load factor has impact on revenue and it is highly vulnerable to economic slowdown (Frynas and Mellahi 2015). The main substitutes that might act as the competitors to the global aviation industry include high-speed train, boats and road. However, in case of long flights, there are no substitutes available in the global market. Despite this, the switching cost for the consumers to the substitute products is low, which might increase their propensity to substitute (Gamble and Thompson 2014). Finally, technologies like videoconferencing and telecommunications are substitutes to avoid visiting abroad nations through flights. However, the threat to substitutes is low. Bargaining power of the buyers: With the growing popularity of internet, there is increase in bargaining power of the purchasers. This is because it has increased the availability for a purchaser of a flight ticket to look for the cheapest fare available between various airlines. As a result, the air travel prices have become transparent and the market liberalisations coupled with lower cost of switching for the purchasers in the market has enabled in pushing down the air travel prices. The income of the consumers, tastes of the consumers, service quality, seasonal fluctuations and the availability of substitutes influence the price elasticity of the global aviation industry. However, the business travellers would maintain their levels of demand even at the time of increase in the air travel prices (Goetsch and Davis 2014). The short distance flights have experienced a dramatic fall in demand when prices rise because of the availability of substitutes. Hence, it could be inferred that the bargaining power of the bu yers in the global aviation industry is high. The fuel prices of aviation turbine comprise of around 80% of the overall operational costs of the airline industry. Moreover, due to the limited number of oil companies, the airlines hardly find any alternative (Grant et al. 2014). The labour like cabin crew, pilots, gate agents and ground personnel has bargaining power due to the labour agreements during industrial regulation leaving them with lower flexibility. This force remains an important influential dynamic in the successful performance of the sector. Along with this, there are only two main manufacturers for big commercial aircraft like Boeing and Airbus. If the airlines place large orders, it might take several years to be delivered. Thus, the bargaining power of the suppliers is high in the industry. Based on the above evaluation, the potential opportunities and challenges that would influence the business operations of Lufthansa include the following: The new lower cost platforms of Lufthansa provide immense growth options, as it has decided to transfer point-to-point European routes, which do not touch its hubs at Munich and Frankfurt to Germanwings. This would move into the long haul market operated on the part of Sun Express, which is a joint venture and Turkish Airlines is a part of this venture (Harrison and John 2013). In addition, the cultural change of Lufthansa is slow; however, it offers enough potential for the organisation. Although the business model of the organisation denotes that it is not sufficiently concentrated on placing its own house in order; however, the formation of new lower cost vehicles has provided some options in fighting with competition. The increasing competition from LCC poses a threat to the Lufthansa Group, since the rivals like Ryonair and Easy Jet are now involved in targeting the higher-level business travellers crucial to legacy airline profitability. Finally, the protectionist instincts of the airline group are the biggest threat to Lufthansa. In addition, the Gulf-based nations receive subsidy from the governments, which promote unfair competition. Such instinct poses a threat to Lufthansa, since it, since it denotes that the mindset is not yet right completely (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). Analysis of the capabilities of Lufthansa along with its key strengths and weaknesses: In the words of Drury (2013), profitability ratios are a group of financial metrics, which are used to evaluate the ability of a business in generating earnings in contrast to its expenditures and other pertinent costs spent during a specific timeframe. For most of these ratios, a higher value is always preferable, since it denotes better profitability position for the organisation. The following profitability ratios for Lufthansa have been taken into consideration for Lufthansa and they are depicted with the help of the following figure: Based on the above figure, it could be stated that the gross margin of Lufthansa has increased from 42.41% in 2014 to 44.97% in 2015 and the trend is inherent further to 45.96% in 2016. The primary reason behind such increase in gross margin is the increasing revenue from EU and Asia, while the cost of sales has started to fall in Australia and the Gulf Nations. In this context, Hubbard, Rice and Galvin (2014) remarked that increasing gross margin denotes better profitability position of the organisation before operational expenditures. Hence, in terms of gross margin, Lufthansa is enjoying a better profitable position in the global market. Along with this, another profitability ratio that has been taken into consideration is the net margin. As laid out by Jenkins and Williamson (2015), net margin is the percentage of profit that an organisation has earned after incurring operating expenses, financing costs and income tax expense. The higher the net margin, the better it is for the organisation. In case of Lufthansa, the net margin of the organisation has increased massively from 0.18% in 2014 to 5.30% in 2015 and it has increased further to 5.67% in 2016. The possible reason behind such increase is the massive increase in other income despite the operating loss suffered in 2015. Thus, in terms of net margin, Lufthansa is enjoying a better and profitable position in the global aviation industry. Furthermore, another profitability ratio that has been taken into consideration for evaluating the profitability position of Lufthansa is the return on capital employed (ROCE). In the words of Gans and Ryall (2017), ROCE depicts the percentage of profit each dollar of employed capital generates. In case of Lufthansa, ROCE has been negative both in 2014 and 2015; however, it has shifted towards the positive trend in 2016. The reason behind the negative ROCE in two years is due to operating loss from increased sales, general and administrative expenses. However, with the fall in such expenses in 2016, it has resulted in positive ROCE for Lufthansa and hence, it has generated sufficient amount with its invested capital. Thus, based on the above findings, it could be inferred that in terms of profitability position, Lufthansa is enjoying a better and favourable position in the global aviation industry. The liquidity ratios gauge the ability of an organisation to incur debt obligations and safety margin through the computation of metrics like current ratio and quick ratio. Comparing the past timeframes to the current operations allows the analysts to identify changes in the business (Lumley and Gergely 2015). The following liquidity ratios for Lufthansa have been taken into consideration for Lufthansa and they are depicted with the help of the following figure: According to the above figure, it could be observed that the current ratio of Lufthansa has increased from 0.75 in 2014 to 0.72 in 2015 and the increase is inherent further to 0.93 in 2016. However, the standard current ratio in the aviation industry is considered as 2 (Martin 2014). The possible reason behind such low ratio is the increase in account payables in contrast to cash availability of the organisation. As a result, the organisation has struggled to meet off its existing obligations with the available short-term asset base. On the other hand, quick ratio is similar to current ratio; however, it excludes inventories from current assets. The standard quick ratio in the global aviation industry is considered as 1 (Morden 2016). In this case, the quick ratio of the organisation has fallen from 0.69 in 2014 to 0.66 in 2015; however, it has increased to 0.85 in 2016. This denotes that the ratio is near the industrial standard, which signifies average liquidity position of the organisation in the market. The efficiency ratios are used typically to evaluate the way an organisation uses it assets and liabilities internally. These are used to gauge the short-term or current performance of the organisation (Potts and Ankrah 2014). The following efficiency ratios for Lufthansa have been taken into consideration for Lufthansa and they are depicted with the help of the following figure: The above figure clearly signifies that the payables turnover of Lufthansa has increased from 48.94 days in 2014 to 98.10 days in 2015 and it has increased further to 101.72 days in 2016. The higher the payables turnover in terms of days, the better it is for the organisation in retaining higher cash in hand (Morschett, Schramm-Klein and Zentes 2015). The brand image of the airline group in the global market has resulted in winning the trust and beliefs of the creditors, due to which the organisation has managed to extend its credit terms. On the other hand, the inventory turnover of Lufthansa has increased from 14.16 days in 2014 to 15.12 days in 2015 and the increase is inherent further in 2016 to 16.82 days in 2016. This denotes that there is slight fall in demand in the global market due to the presence of increasing number of competitors in the global market. However, based on the above evaluation, it could be stated that the organisation has stable efficiency position in the gl obal aviation industry. In the words of Rothaermel (2015), the solvency ratios are a key metric used to gauge the ability of an organisation to meet debt and other obligations. The following solvency ratios for Lufthansa have been taken into consideration for Lufthansa and they are depicted with the help of the following figure: In accordance with the above figure, it could be stated that Lufthansa has debt-to-equity ratio of 3.91 in 2014, which has fallen to 2.47 in 2015. The fall is inherent in 2016 to 2.36, which denotes that the airline group has focused massively on raising funds through debt instead of equity financing. On the other hand, the times interest earned ratio has increased massively in 2016, which signify that the organisation has adequate capability to meet its interest expense with the operating income. Thus, Lufthansa has increased debt burden questioning its solvency position; however, the operating income is greater. The strengths and weaknesses of Lufthansa in terms of its service portfolio and operations are depicted briefly as follows: Strengths: As it provides diversified range of operations, it is the leading aviation group in the global market It has formed sustainability and security program for driving sustainable growth The opening of new fleets and partnerships with other aviation group has increased the operating efficacy of the organisation Weaknesses: Employee strikes and disputes over wages influence business operations (Seuring and Goldbach 2013). The adaptation challenge to the staffs to the business evolution Evaluation of the current strategies of Lufthansa for long-term: Since the competition of LCC is for short haul, the competition in long haul sectors from the large three Gulf carriers like Qatar Airways, Emirates and Etihad and the star alliance power of Lufthansa, the Turkish Airlines would continue to stay. For instance, the Indian network of Lufthansa delivers significant feed through market via Frankfurt into the network of US however, the extensive India networks of Gulf-based airlines is obtaining an increasing share of this traffic via its own hubs. The national airlines within the organisation are operating as separate brands, each having its own fleet, labour structure and operations. The fuel prices of aviation turbine comprise of around 80% of the overall operational costs of the airline industry. Moreover, due to the limited number of oil companies, the airlines hardly find any alternative (Grant et al. 2014). The labour like cabin crew, pilots, gate agents and ground personnel has bargaining power due to the labour agreements during industrial regulation leaving them with lower flexibility. This force remains an important influential dynamic in the successful performance of the sector. Along with this, there are only two main manufacturers for big commercial aircraft like Boeing and Airbus. If the airlines place large orders, it might take several years to be delivered. Thus, the bargaining power of the suppliers is high in the industry. Conclusion: Based on the above evaluation, it could be stated that there is deregulation in the global transport industries, which has helped the organisation in carrying out its business operations in an effective fashion. In addition, it obtains fuel subsidies from the German government and due to this, Lufthansa has managed to minimise its operating expenses in the home nation. However, it has failed to receive subsidies from the cross-border nations. The increasing competition from LCC poses a threat to the Lufthansa Group, since the rivals like Ryonair and Easy Jet are now involved in targeting the higher-level business travellers crucial to legacy airline profitability. Finally, the protectionist instincts of the airline group are the biggest threat to Lufthansa. In addition, the Gulf-based nations receive subsidy from the governments, which promote unfair competition. In terms of profitability position, Lufthansa is enjoying a better and favourable position in the global aviation industry. However, there is slight fall in demand in the global market due to the presence of increasing number of competitors in the global market. Both the efficiency and solvency positions of the organisation are stable, which denote that the organisation is maintaining a competitive position in the global market. Lufthansa has increased debt burden questioning its solvency position; however, the operating income is greater. In addition, the opening of new fleets and partnerships with other aviation group has increased the operating efficacy of the organisation. Hence, based on the above evaluation, it is advisable to hold on to the shares of the organisation; however, purchase of the same is advisable after it minimises its debt burden. References: Albers, S., Baum, H., Auerbach, S. and Delfmann, W. eds., 2017. Strategic Management in the Aviation Industry. Taylor Francis. Amir, A., Auzair, S.M. and Amiruddin, R., 2016. Cost management, entrepreneurship and competitiveness of strategic priorities for small and medium enterprises.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,219, pp.84-90. 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Overview Of The Dengue Fever The Residents In Northern And Southern Au

Question: Discuss about the Overview Of The Dengue Fever The Residents In Northern And Southern Australia. Answer: Introduction The severe dengue fever is spreading in more than 50 countries all over the world. In certain part of Australia many residents are affected from dengue and it will create large burden on the health care department of the country. The major aim of this research is to offer the various suggestions to the department of Public Health to recover from this severe epidemic. This will help the government to identify various options available for prevention and effective control management techniques. It is considered as a most transmitted disease so, different aspect will be find out such as natural history, case management and diagnosis techniques and future research opportunities. Statement of issue This report provides detailed discussion on what is the role of Department of Health of Australia to prevent from severe Dengue fever. What are necessary steps taken by the government to implement the effective research methodology to find vaccination against severe dengue and Who should take responsibility to prevent whole country from this severe epidemic. All of the residents of Australia is waiting for when should this severe dengue fever will be eliminated from the state and when will specific treatment and immunization available to all. Background of the Dengue fever and public health Dengue is considered as one of the most transmitted disease which has spread due to the Aedes mosquitoes in whole world. In tropical and sub tropical regions of the world it was first recognized in 1879 in Queensland in Australia (Williams et al. 2014). Now it has affected millions of people every year worldwide and especially in northern region of Australia where tropical climates prevail. Due to this epidemic, severe illness is occurring among children and death rate is increasing in some Australian countries. In Northern territory of Australia more than 400 cases have been identified related to dengue fever from 2003 to till now. Approximately, 3 billion people are residing in tropical areas where dengue is highly transmitted. Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is more severe illness which had same symptoms like as dengue and generally found in children below the age of 14 years. From 1995 to 2011, about 90% of the cases were related to dengue in the areas of Queensland and specially in the Cairns and Hinterland district. From the total cases of 90% of dengue about 50% of the people were male of the average age 40 years old. 200000 cases were identified by the World Health Organization in the year 2011 which were related to the severe dengue fever. Rate of severe dengue fever is 10 times more than that other countries affected from dengue. Many health department experts estimated that dengue will rise in future in Australia as well in other geographical areas in the world. Many of the drugs were not used by the patients because it could have negative impact on the body such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and Asirin etc. Mainly dengue was observed in the travelers of the age groups 30-50 years old in the Australia. Dengue deaths are varying from year to year but mostly transmitted in the season of autumn and summer. Department of Health is continuously conducting surveys for finding about the mosquito infected population present in Northern territory (Yixin et al. 2014). There is no certain vaccine or treatment found by the Health department. General treatment for this is paracetamol medicine, oral fluids for getting relief from fever and body pain. Due to the lack of proper treatment against dengue fever it is reduced to only 1 % till now. From the research it was found that dengue fever is transmitted by only female mosquito and they generally found in cool places where water is stored and outdoor places where garbage is kept mostly in daylight hours (Lindsay et al. 2015). It can develop in the old tyres, carriage of pot plant saucers and rain field vessels and can be transmitted to one place to another place. For the purpose of inventing specific vaccination against dengue, World Health Organization provides guidance and technical advice and support to countries, private institutions for rese arch and evaluation. If proper prevention and treatment will not be available then dengue will rapidly spread in the future in whole world. Pre-existing policies/activity Queensland is the only area in the Australia where the dengue has prevailed. The transmission of dengue reduced to a very large extent in the season of summer or dry season. The report of World Health Organisation reveals that the burden of this disease could be increase due to the continuous change in the climatic effect of the whole environment (Hoad et al, 2015). In the areas where the probability of occurrence of dengue is high, a regular and frequent survey is required to conduct in those areas. Areas of vector where the density of population is high, the population should tries to enforce the regular conduction of surveys and reducing the sources of dengue. Drawing out programmes and photographs that shows potential day-biting can be done with the help of using social medias and promotional campaigns (Naish et al., 2014). In the annual report of NAMAC, all the information relating to the diseases borne by mosquitoes, and the activities that are taken in order to control this di sease is presented. The government has established several policies in order to prevent and control the negative effects of dengue in the country. The government has officially established taskforce and committee between different departments for the purpose of supervising the area, preventing and controlling the diseases that are spread by mosquitoes. This taskforce includes authorities relating to public health, representatives of laboratory and Medical Entomology. Activities done by human and vector supervision are coordinated using the methods of surveillance of cross-border. The capacities of laboratory and exchange of resources are also coordinated. Several types of portals are used for the purpose of communication in order to provide response to various events (Rounsevell et al., 2014). Several management plans including the assignment of roles and responsibilities, allocating funds in order to investigate and respond are designed. In order to develop coordination between different ecological res earch priorities, humans and vector, several methods are applied. In the areas where dengue is highly receptive, urgent and punctual occurrences and controlling activities for mosquito disease should be done. Along with this, contact addresses should be identified by analysing travelling history. The basic purpose of this is to exterminate the disease causing virus through the measure of killing the infection causing adult females within the demographic radii of 200 metres (Musso et al., 2014). This is the extent of distance up to a female mosquito can fly. Urbanisation, blood feeding and harbouring within the premises are some of the attributes that are found in vectors of primary dengue. Therefore, synthetic pyrethroid insecticides like bifenthrin and deltamethrin should be used for the purpose of spraying at indoor residential areas can be used as a measure of control for dengue. Sometimes, the ultra low volume or thermal foggers cannot be seen effective in case of truck mounted outdoor areas. Regulators for insect growth can be used for the tre atment of containers that are filled with containers. In large outbreaks, removing or tipping out the containers cannot be seen effective because these factors are not affecting in addressing the breeding sites which are mysterious or rainwater tanks. The Dengue Management Plan also focuses on the outlining of the strategies of vector control for the origination source in opposition to outbreaks of large widespread. Rapidness in spreading the dengue makes it more critical to cure. Lacking in presenting the case or diagnosing and delaying in notifications will lead in explosive out breaking. Transmitting the risk of dengue of central and southern Queensland seems difficult due to the reason of vector population has lacked in many areas. Considerations There are various possible courses of action that could be taken by Department of Health to reduce the impact of severe dengue on the residents of Australia. Major principle behind the prevention and control measures is to develop proper case management strategy with present health system, harmonize prevention, examination or epidemiological such that they are ecologically sound, cost-effective and sustainable for future (Diamond and Pierson 2015). For successful implementation of the prevention measures allocation and mobilization of resources is also essential. Diagnosis of Dengue and Case management: Appropriate implementation of clinical management helps in reducing death rate caused due to severe dengue fever up to zero level. Effective implementation includes new methods of staff training, early clinical and laboratory diagnosis, and hospital restructuring and intravenous rehydration. The main advantage of this technique is helpful in reducing the death rate due to dengue up to 60%. Government should help in adopting new technology which can provide effective and fast diagnosis of cases offered by accurate differential techniques, timely response to severe disease and quick laboratory assessment. It requires fund and assistance by government to the Health department (Gubler et al. 2014). Main disadvantage is it requires huge cost to implement new methodologies in whole country. Main advantages of this are Effective clinical management system and well organized response of staff helps in reducing the number of avoidable hospital admissions and also saves the life of patients from severe dengue (Nguyen et al. 2015). Early warning of dengue infected patient is necessary to control and helps in taking prevention measures of dengue at primary stage. Effective management training is very important in cases of severe dengue for all medical and non-medical staff which helps to recover the patient from initial stage of disease (Sung et al. 2016). Sustainable Vector Control of Severe Dengue: Department of Public Heath should adopt the integrated vector management approach which is promoted by World Health Organization to vector control of dengue. Sustainable vector control means the optimum use of resources and insecticides provided by the department for vector control which is helpful in cost effectiveness and adaptable according to environment. The primary vector of dengue is Aedes aegypti mosquito. It has developed to feed, mate, and lay eggs in surroundings (Huang et al. 2016). Generally, the Aedes aegypti mosquito remains active at the time of early morning period and in the evening period. So this approached is started mainly for the abolition of containers that are favorable places for ovipositor and put covers on containers or with the help of insecticides killing all the mosquitoes. Government should help in spraying of insecticides against malaria viruses and to develop innovative vector tools such as spatial repellents, spatial repellents, genetically modified mosquitoes and lethal ovitraps (Leary, 2013). Reliable surveillance methods of vector control and techniques of virus transmission help in dengue prevention for long term (Naish et al. 2014). The main advantage of effective vector control management is helpful in reduction of mortality rate due to dengue. The main purpose of vector control measures is to overcome the transmission of dengue and reducing the occurrence of infection and avoiding outbreaks of the disease. Implementation of Future Vaccine: There is no certain treatment available to recover from severe dengue fever. So, Department of Public Health should provide assistance and guidelines to manufactures and regulatory agencies on development and evaluation of vaccine for severe dengue (Cao-Lormeau et al. 2016). Guidelines should be related to the safety, quality and usefulness of dengue vaccines and issues related to manufacturing and quality control also covered. For proper implementation of vaccine, integration of various factors should be considered such as storage, financing, supplying and effective transportation for easy delivery. Vaccines should not have any side effects and should be integrated with other measures of prevention and control of dengue. Effective development strategies for vaccination should include the selection of target populations and target area which is highly infected from dengue fever (Low et al. 2014). Efficient delivery approaches, campaigns by government, routine checkup and proper sched ule for vaccination and overall implementation of future vaccine should cover the whole population. The main advantage of implementation of future vaccine is to reduce the overall mortality rate and help to reduce the severe impact of dengue (Stoler et al. 2014). It will helpful in bringing a confidence level among residence of Australia that government is implementing vaccination programs. Recommendations There are several measures which help in preventing and curing dengue. All the persons who used to travel from one place to another are required to use personal protective measures in order to reduce the risk of getting day biting mosquitoes (Webba and Hessac, 2016). It is recommended to stay in a well conditioned area or proper clothes should wear that result in reducing the extent of exposure of skin. Along with it, it is also recommended to use insect repellents on the skin that has remains uncovered. Insect repellents that comprise of diethyl-methyltoluamide can be considered as the most effective source. The extent of concentration level of DEET differs from product to product. Higher the composition of DEET signifies the higher degree of protection for a longer period of time from dengue. In some of the cases, using the sprays that are highly concentrated with DEET may negatively affect the children. So it is very much essential to apply DEET sparingly to the surface of exposur e and it should be washed off after the persons indoors. Using the insecticide which has concentrated level of DEET up to 35% can prevent the mosquitoes for 4-6 hours (Leung et al., 2015). On the other hand, the insecticides having the concentration level of DEET up to 95% can protect from dengue for around 10to 12 hours. New formulas are also searching and designed which contains lower level of concentration of DEET and has a potential of preventing dengue for long time. Still, there is no proper vaccination system has evolved for preventing dengue. Serology is the common method which is used to identify the infection of dengue virus in the body. This serology is also based on the laboratory confirmation. Diagnosing using the method of serology generally does not allow the serotyping of virus infection and is suspicious in terms of cross reactivity with different viruses. Various types of samples are required in order to do the procedure of serology. No specified viral treatment has been developed for curing the dengue. It can be cured using the method of clinical management that is also based on various supportive therapies and basically well-judged supervision of intravascular volume replacement. With the improvements in managing the case, the fatality rate of hospitalising illness of dengue has been reduced to a good extent (Walter et al., 2014). There is only single approach present for controlling and preventing the transmission of virus of dengue was going through the intervening for targeting the vector until the proper vaccine of dengue gets developed. For this purpose, integrated vector management is recommended by World Health Organisation. Many researchers have shown that reduction in entomological indicators follows different forms of vector control (Gyawali et al., 2016). A scantiness of data has shown effect of this interference of incidences of dengue illness. There are several strategies that aim at preventing mosquitoes from lying eggs, using interferences of environment management which constitutes the disposal of solid waste, removing artificially man-made mosquitos habitats, removing the impurities of containers used for storing the water on regular basis. Proper pesticides should be applied to water storage containers. Participation of community should be improved and sustained vector controlling should be m obilized. Insecticides should be applied using the method of sprays can be treated as an emergency measure of vector control. Many of the dengue vaccines are ready to possess in laboratories. CYD-TDV is a name of prophylactic, tetravalent and viral vaccine (Heywood et al., 2016). It is available in both type of single and multiple of dose. It is provided in the form of pre-filled syringe for the use of single dose or in the form of multi dose presentation. It does not contain any type of preservatives or adjuvant. Conclusion: On the basis of overall research, it can be analyzed that dengue is one of the major global health issues which affected approximately more than 3 billion people all over the word. This severe dengue fever is caused due the virus and mosquitos bite which develops in the wastage and open water containers (Schwartz et al. 2015). There is no certain treatment available to recover from severe dengue fever so government is taking various steps to overcome the impact of dengue. Different measures can be taken by Government of Australia such as effective case management techniques, vector control measures and research for future vaccination. 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